The skeleton (axial & appendicular) Flashcards
How many bones make up the axial skeleton?
80
The skull protects
the brain, entrances to the respiratory system, and entrance to the digestive system
The cranial cavity consists of:
fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membranes
Deep facial bones separate:
the oral and nasal cavities and form the nasal septum
What are the four major sutures?
lamdoidal, coronal, squamous, sagittal
Function of the hyoid bone
supports the larynx
True or False: The hyoid bone does NOT articulate with any other bones
TRUE
Marks of the hyoid bone:
body, greater horns, and lesser horns
Fontanels
areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots)
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
24 vertebrae
the sacrum
the coccyx
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
Primary curves (spine)
acomodate for internal organs
thoracic and sacral curves
Secondary curves (spine)
AKA compression curves that shift body weight for upright posture
lumbar and cervical curves
What are the 3 parts of the vertebrae?
Vertebral body (centrum)
Vertebral arch
Articular processes
Invertebral discs
pads of fibrocartilage that separate the vertebral bodies and absorbs shock
The atlas (C1):
Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull
The Axis (C2):
Supports the atlas
Vertebrae prominens (C7):
transitions to thoracic vertebrae
Whiplash
a traumatic dislocation of cervical vertebrae
T1-T10 vertebrae:
have contact with costal cartilage and transverse costal facets
T1-T8 vertebrae:
articulate with 2 pairs of ribs at superior and inferior costal facets
T9-T11 vertebrae:
articulate with one pair of ribs
T10-T12 vertebrae:
transition to lumbar vertebrae
True or False: The sacrum is more curved in males than females
TRUE
The adult sacrum consists of how many fused sacral vertebrae?
5
At what age is the sacral vertebrae fuse together?
between 25-30
A mature coccyx consists of how many coccygeal vertebrae?
replaces the vertebral canal3-5
The first __ coccygeal vertebra have transverse processes and unfused vertebral arches
2
The thoracic cage consists of:
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12 (24 in total)
True ribs
ribs 1-7
connected to the sternum by costal cartilage
False ribs
ribs 8-12
do not attach directly to the sternum
Vertebronchondral ribs
ribs 8-10
fuse together
Floating or vertebral ribs
ribs 11-12
connect only to the vertebrae
The head (capitulum) of the ribs
located at the vertebral end of the rib with superior and inferior articular facets
the neck of the ribs
the short area between the head and the tubercle
The tubercle (tuberculum) of the ribs
a small dorsal elevation
Manubrium
superior portion, triangular shape that articulates with cartilages of 1st rib pair
Xiphoid process
smallest part of the sternum that attaches to the sternal body and diaphragm
Pectoral gidle connects:
the arms to the body
Clavicle
AKA the collarbone
originate at the manubrium (sternal end) and articulate with the scapulae (acromial end)
Scapula
AKA the shoulder blades
Broad, flat triangles that articulate with the arm and collar bone
The anterior surface of the scapula:
subscapular
Within the body of the scapula how many borders are there?
superior border
medial border (vertebral border)
lateral border (axillary border)
The head of the scapula holds the:
glenoid cavity which articulates with the humerous to form the shoulder joint
Scapular spine:
ridge across the posterior surface of scapula body that separates the suprespinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
Humerous
the long, upper arm bone that articulates with the pectoral girdle
The head of the humerous:
rounded, articulating surface contained within joint capsule
Lateral and medial epicondyle of the humerous function:
muscle attachment
Trochlea of the humerous:
articulates with the ulna
Olecranon fossa of the humerus:
accommodates the olecranon of the ulna when the arm is fully extended
Capitulum of the humerous:
articulates with the radius
The antebrachium consists of:
two long bones AKA the radius and ulna
The olecranon of the ulna:
proximal articular portion of the ulna and provides flexion and extension of the elbow
Trochlear notch of the ulna:
large, C-shaped depression in the upper end of the ulna bone that articulates with the humerus to form the elbow joint
The radius:
long bone in the forearm that helps with arm and wrist movement
The wrist consists of __ carpal bones?
8 in total:
4 proximal carpal bones
4 distal carpal bones
The hand consists of __ metacarpal bones?
5 long bones in the hand numbered I-V from lateral (thumb) to medial
The pollex consists of:
2 phalanges (proximal and distal)
The fingers consist of:
3 phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)
The os coxae consists of:
3 fused bones: ilium, ischium, and pubis
Acetabulum
AKA the hip socket
meeting point of the ilium, ischium, and pubis and is located on the lateral surface of the os coxae
Obturator foramen (os coxae)
formed by the ischial and pubic rami
attaches hip muscles
Pubic synthesis (os coxae)
gap between pubic tubercles that is padded with fibrocartilage
The pelvis consists of:
two ossa coxae, sacrum, and coccyx that are stabilized with ligaments pf the pelvic girdle, sacrum, and lumbar vertebrae
True pelvis
the space in the pelvis that contains the bladder, rectum, and part of the colon located below the pelvic brim
False pelvis
the upper part of the pelvis that sits above the pelvic brim
What are the childbearing modifications of the pelvis?
-enlarged pelvic outlet
-broad pubic angle (>100*)
-less curvature of sacrum/coccyx
-wider, circular pelvic inlet
-broad, low pelvis
Femoral head
articulates with pelvis at acetabulum
The neck of the femur:
narrow area between the head and trochanters
Greater trochanter of the femur:
a large bony eminence at the proximal femur that provides an insertion site for the tendons of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus that function as strong hip abductors
Lesser trochanter of the femur:
a compact conical bony prominence positioned at the junction of the posteroinferior region of the femoral neck and the shaft
Shaft of the femur:
the long, straight part of the thighbone that supports body weight and forms the structure of the thigh
Patella
aka knee cap
Medial malleolus of the tibia
medial projection at ankle
Lateral malleolus of the fibula
lateral projection at ankle
The ankle consists of:
7 tarsal bones
Talus (ankle)
carries weight from tibia across trochlea
Calcaneus (ankle)
aka the heel bone
transfers weight from talus to ground and attaches to the achilles tendon
The foot consists of:
5 metatarsal bones
Transverse arch
formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot
