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Anatomy and physiology 1 > The Cell > Flashcards

The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic cell

A

All cells except sex cells

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2
Q

Sex cells

A

reproductive cells

Ex: sperm and oocytes

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3
Q

Cell membrane
function:

A

isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, controls entrance/exits of materials

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4
Q

Cytosol function:

A

distributes materials by diffusion

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5
Q

cytoskeleton function:

A

strength and support
movement

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6
Q

Microvilli function:

A

increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

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7
Q

Cillia function:

A

movement of materials over cell surface

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8
Q

Ribosomes function:

A

protein synthesis

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9
Q

Proteasomes

A

Breakdown and recycling of intracellular proteins

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10
Q

Mitochondria function:

A

Produces 95% of the ATP required by the cell

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11
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function:

A

-Synthesis of secretory products
-Intracellular storage and transport

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12
Q

Smooth ER function:

A

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

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13
Q

Rough ER function:

A

Modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins

-Surface covered in ribosomes

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus function:

A

Storage, alternation, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

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15
Q

Lysosomes function:

A

Intracellular removal of damaged organelles of pathogens

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16
Q

Peroxisomes function:

A

Neutralization of toxic compounds

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17
Q

Nucleus function:

A

control of metabolism, storage and processing of genetic information, control of protein synthesis

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18
Q

Nucleolus function:

A

Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits

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19
Q

Phospholipid bilayer of the membrane

A

Double layer of phospholipid molecules that create barrier

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20
Q

Integral proteins (membrane)

A

Found within the membrane

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21
Q

Peripheral proteins (membrane)

A

Found in the inner or outer surface of the membrane

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22
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Sticky sugar coat outside membrane

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23
Q

Nonmembranous organelles

A

-no membrane
-direct contact with cytosol

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24
Q

Membranous organelles

A

-covered with plasma membrane
-isolated from cytosol

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25
Q

Microfilaments

A

thin filaments composed of the protein Actin

-pairs with thick filaments of myosin for muscle improvement

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26
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Mid-size and durable

-strengthen cell and maintain shape

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27
Q

Microtubules

A

Large, hollow tubes of tubulin that strengthen cell and anchor organelles, change cell shape

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28
Q

Centrioles

A

form spindle apparatus during cell division

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29
Q

Free ribosome

A

cell organelles that are unattached to any membrane and float freely in the cytoplasm of a cell. They are responsible for producing proteins that are used within the cell

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30
Q

Fixed ribosomes

A

ribosomes that are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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31
Q

Cisternae

A

storage chambers within golgi apparatus

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32
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

modify and package products for exocytosis

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33
Q

Membrane renewal viscles

A

Add or remove membrane components

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34
Q

Transport vesicles

A

carry materials to and from Golgi apparatus

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35
Q

Exocytosis

A

the ejection of secretory products and waste

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36
Q

Cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of life

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37
Q

Chromosomes

A

tightly coiled DNA

38
Q

Chromatin

A

loosely coiled DNA

39
Q

Genes

A

A distinct sequence of DNA bases, forming part of a chromosome

40
Q

DNA (code)

A

instructions for every protein in the body

41
Q

Gene (code)

A

DNA instructions for 1 protein

42
Q

3 bases =

A

1 amino acid

43
Q

Transcription

A

Copying instructions from DNA to mRNA

44
Q

Translation

A

ribosome reads code from mRNA and assembles amino acids into a polypeptide chain

45
Q

Genetic information must be:

A

transferred into the cytoplasm where proteins are synthesized

46
Q

True or false:

Only ONE side of DNA codes for a protein.

A

TRUE

47
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

transcribed from DNA by complementary base pairing.

Ex: Adenine pairs to uracil

48
Q

The genetic code

A

a triplet code compromised of three nucleotide bases in a sequence

49
Q

Selective permeability

A

allows some materials to move freely but restricts others based on

-size
-electrical charge
-shape
-lipid solubulity

50
Q

Diffuse transport

A

passive with no energy required

51
Q

Carrier-mediated transfer

A

passive or active pending the type of carrier

52
Q

vesicular transport

A

active and requiring energy through ATP

53
Q

What are the seven methods of transport?

A

-diffusion
-osmosis
-facilitated diffusion
-active transport
-secondary active
-endocytosis
-exocytosis

54
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecular movement of solutes; direction determined by relative concentrations

55
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules towards solution containing relatively higher solute concentration

56
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

carrier proteins passively transport solutes across a membrane down a concentration gradient

57
Q

active transport

A

carrier proteins actively transport solutes across a membrane, often against a concentration gradient

58
Q

secondary active transport

A

carrier proteins passively transport two solutes, with one moving down concentration gradient

59
Q

Endocytosis

A

creation of membraneous vesicles containing fluid or solid material

60
Q

Exocytosis

A

fusion of vesicles containing fluid or solids (or both) with the call membrane

61
Q

Concentration

A

the amount of solute in a solvent

62
Q

concentration gradient

A

more solute in one part of a solvent than another

63
Q

What are 5 factors that affect diffusion rates?

A

-distance
-temperature
-gradient size
-electrical forces

64
Q

Materials that can pass through transmembrane proteins

A

-water soluble
-ions

65
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

the force of a concentration gradient of water equals the force needed to block osmosis

66
Q

Tonicity

A

ability of a solution to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

67
Q

Isotonic solution

A

a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell

68
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

gain water through osmosis

69
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

a solution with higher osmotic pressure

70
Q

Characteristics of carrier-mediated transport

A

-1 transport protein = 1 set of substrates
-rate depends on transport proteins
- regulation such as hormones

71
Q

Cotransport

A

2 substances move in the same direction at the same time

72
Q

Countertransport

A

1 substance moves in while another moves out

73
Q

Carrier proteins

A

transport molecules too large to fir through channel

74
Q

Active transport proteins:

A

move substrates against concentration gradient and require energy

75
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of the plasma membrane

76
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cells take in fluid and dissolved substances through the cell membrane

Ex: Cellular drinking

77
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cell, or phagocyte, surrounds and destroys foreign substances and dead cells

78
Q

Mitosis

A

the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them

79
Q

Interphase

A

non-diving state but cell is metabolically active
-chromosomes are long and thin

80
Q

Prophase

A

-chromosomes shorten and thicken
-spindles start to form

81
Q

Metaphase

A

-chromosomes line up forming a line

82
Q

Anaphase

A

-centromeres divide
-chromosome halves migrate to opposite poles of the cell

83
Q

Telophase

A

cell starts to form the peanut shape

84
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm of a single cell physically divides into two separate daughter cells

85
Q

True or false

cell division balances cell loss

A

TRUE

86
Q

Oncogenes

A

mutates genes that cause cancer

87
Q

Tumor

A

enlarged abnormal mass of cells

88
Q

Benign tumor

A

non cancerous tumor

89
Q

Centromere

A

structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids

Ex: the DNA’s belt that gives it an X shape

90
Q

Kinetochore

A

a protein structure that forms on a chromatid during cell division and allows it to attach to a spindle fiber on a chromosome.

Anatomy and physiology 1 (4 decks)

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