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Anatomy and physiology 1 > The integumentary system > Flashcards

The integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

The integument is made up of two parts:

A

-cutaneous membrane (skin)
-accessory structures

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2
Q

True or False:

The integument is the largest system of the body at 16% body weight.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

What two parts make up the cutaneous membrane?

A

-outer epidermis
-inner dermis

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4
Q

Accessory structures:

A

-originate in the dermis
-extend through the epidermis to skin surface

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5
Q

Circulatory system (connection to integumentary)

A

contain blood vessels within the dermis

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6
Q

Nervous system (connection to integumentary)

A

Responsible for sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature

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7
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

also known as the hypodermis, is the deepest layer of skin, located below the dermis and closest to the muscles.

It’s made up of fat, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves.

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8
Q

What are 6 important functions of the skin

A

-protects
-excretes
-maintains body temp
-synthesizes
-stores lipids
-detects

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9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

-contain large amounts of keratin
-most abundant cells in the epidermis

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10
Q

Thick skin:

A

-covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

-has 5 layers of keratinocytes

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11
Q

Thin skin:

A

-covers most of the body

-has 4 layers of keratinocytes

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12
Q

What are the layers of strata from basal lamina to free surface?

A

-stratum germinativum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum lucidum
-stratum corneum

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13
Q

The “germinative layer”

A

-has many germinative (stem) cells or basal cells

-attached to basal lamina by hermidesmosomes

-forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis

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14
Q

What are the two structures of the germinativum

A

-epidermal ridges
-dermal papillae

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15
Q

Epidermal ridges

A

fingerprints

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16
Q

Dermal papillae

A

strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis

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17
Q

Merkel cells

A

-found within hairless skin and respond to touch

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A

scattered throughout stratum germinativum and contain melanin

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19
Q

Stratum spinosum AKA “spiny layer”

A

-produced by division of stratum germinosum

-8-10 layers or keratinocytes bound by desmosomes

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20
Q

Stratum granulosim:

A

stops dividing and starts producing keratin and keratohyalin

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21
Q

Keratin

A

tough, fibrous protein that makes up hair and nails

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22
Q

Cells of the stratum granulosum:

A

-produce protein fibers
-dehydrate and die

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23
Q

Stratum lucidum:

A

found only in thick skin

-flat, dense, and filled with keratin

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24
Q

Stratum corneum

A

-exposed surface of skin
-15-30 layers of keratinized cells
-water resistant
-shed and are replaced q2w

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25
Q

Keratinization

A

the formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin

  • on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
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26
Q

Skin life cycle

A

15-30 days from germinosum to cornerum

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27
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum

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28
Q

Sensible perspiration

A

water excreted by sweat glands

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29
Q

Dehydration results on skin

A

-comes from damage to stratum corneum

-from immersion in hypertonic solution ex: salt water

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30
Q

Hydration (regarding skin)

A

-Results from immersion in hypotonic solution ex: freshwater

-causes stretching and wrinkling of skin

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31
Q

Skin color depends on:

A

melanin and carotene

melanin production, not # of melanocytes

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32
Q

Melanin

A

-yellow, brown or black pigments

-produced by melanocytes

-stored in transport vesicles

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33
Q

Carotene

A

-orange-yellow pigment

-found in orange vegetables

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34
Q

Cyanosis

A

bluish skin tint caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygen

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35
Q

Jaundice

A

buildup of bile produced by liver giving skin yellow color

36
Q

Vitiligo

A

loss of melanocytes resulting in loss of color

37
Q

Nevus

A

mole

38
Q

Angle’s kiss

A

located on forehead and eyelids, usually disappear by age 2

39
Q

Stork bite

A

marks on the back of neck that may result into adulthood

40
Q

infantile (strawberry) hemangioma

A

-most common birth mark

41
Q

Capillary malformation (port-wine stain)

A

flat, pink red, or purple mark that appears at birth and continues to grow as the child does

42
Q

Vitamin D is produced by:

A

epidermal cells

43
Q

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

A

produced by gland

used in laboratories to grow skin grafts

powerful peptide growth factor

44
Q

Where is the dermis located?

A

between epidermis and subcutaneous layer

45
Q

The reticular layer:

A

-consists of dense irregular connective tissue, collagen, and connective tissue proper

-contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers

46
Q

The papillary layer

A

-consists of areolar tissue

-contains capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons

47
Q

Dermatitis

A

inflammation of the papillary layer caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals

48
Q

Lines of cleavage

A

establish important patterns on body that determine if cuts heal well or not

49
Q

Cutaneous artery

A

a network of arteries along the reticular layer

50
Q

Papillary plexus

A

capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer

51
Q

venous plexus

A

a network of veins located in the deep dermis

52
Q

Contusion

A

damage to blood vessels resulting in bruising

53
Q

Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

A

-lies below the integument

-stabilizes the skin

-allows separate movement

54
Q

Adipose tissue

A

-have distribution pattern determined by hormones

-can be reduced by cosmetic liposuction

55
Q

the human body is covered in hair EXCEPT:

A

palms, soles, lips, portions of external genitalia

56
Q

Hair follicles are:

A

-located deep in dermis
-produces nonliving hairs
-wrapped in a dense connective-tissue sheath
-base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus)

57
Q

Arrector pili

A

-involuntary smooth muscle
-causes hair to stand up
-produces “goose bumps”

58
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

lubricates the hair and controls bacteria

59
Q

Hair root

A

-lower part of the hair
-attached to the integument

60
Q

Hair shaft

A

-upper part of the hair
-not attached to the integument

61
Q

Hair papilla

A

supplies the dividing hair cells in the hair matrix with the necessary nutrients

62
Q

Hair bulb

A

lowest part of the hair strand

63
Q

Hair Matrix

A

contains the proliferating cells that generate the hair and the internal root sheath

64
Q

Medulla (hair)

A

the central core

65
Q

Cortex (hair)

A

the middle layer

66
Q

Cuticle (hair)

A

the surface layer

67
Q

internal root sheath (layers in the follicle)

A

-the inner layer
-contacts the cuticle in lower hair root

68
Q

external root sheath (layers in the follicle)

A

extends from skin surface to hair matrix

69
Q

glassy membrane (layers in the follicle)

A

-dense connective tissue sheath

-contacts connective tissues of dermis

70
Q

Growing hair is

A

firmly attached to the matrix

71
Q

Club hair is

A

-not growing

-attached to an inactive follicle

72
Q

Lanugo

A

fetal hair follicles

73
Q

Vellus hairs

A

soft, fine, and covers most of the body surface

74
Q

Terminal hairs

A

heavily pigmented and located on head, eyebrows, and genitalia after puberty

75
Q

Hair color is produced by:

A

melanocytes at the hair papilla moved into the hair matrix and determined by genes

76
Q

Simple branched alveolar glands

A

a gland with a simple duct and branched alveolar sacs

77
Q

sebaceous follicles

A

discharge directly onto skin surfaces through holocrine glands and sebum secretion

78
Q

Where are apocrine glands located?

A

armpits, around nipples, and groin

associated with hair follicles

break down and cause odors

79
Q

Where are merocrine glands located?

A

widely distributed on body surface especially on palms and soles

80
Q

Cereminous glands

A

protect the eardrum and produce cerumen (ear wax)

81
Q

Nails

A

made up of dead cells packed with keratin and can be changed by metabolic disorders

82
Q

Nail root

A

the part of the nail that grows from the nail bed and extends into the finger, located underneath the skin and nail

83
Q

Nail body

A

he visible hard nail area from the nail root to the free edge, made of translucent keratin protein

84
Q

Lunula

A

Pale crescent at base of the nail

85
Q

1st degree burn

A

epidermis is damaged

86
Q

2nd degree burn

A

epidermis and upper dermis damanged

87
Q

3rd degree burn

A

entire thickness of skin

Anatomy and physiology 1 (4 decks)

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