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Anatomy and physiology 1 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue is divided into:

A

skeletal

cardiac

smooth

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle is attached to:

A

the skeletal system and allows us to move

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3
Q

Structure of skeletal muscle

A

muscle fibers
connective fibers
nerves
blood vessels

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4
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle

A

produce skeletal movement
maintain body position
support soft tissues
guard body openings
maintain body temperatures

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5
Q

Muscles that are opposite of each other

A

antagonistic

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6
Q

muscles that cause the same action

A

synergists

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7
Q

Muscle fascicle

A

bundles of muscle fibers that are the basic building blocks of skeletal muscles

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8
Q

muscle fibers

A

fundamental unit of muscle tissue that contract to enable muscle movement. They are responsible for all voluntary movement and help control the physical forces within the body

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9
Q

Myofibrils

A

long contractile fibers, groups of which run parallel to each other

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10
Q

Thick myofiliments

A

protein complexes made up of hundreds of myosin molecules that are the primary component of muscle contraction

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11
Q

Thin myofiliments

A

protein strands that are made up of actin

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12
Q

Epimysium

A

exterior collagen layer connected to deep fascia and separates muscles from surrounding tissues

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13
Q

Perimysium

A

surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles) and contain blood vessels and nerve supple to fascicles

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14
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds individual muscle fibers and contain capillary and nerve fibers that contact muscle cells

also contains satellite cells that repair damage

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15
Q

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium come together at:

A

the ends of muscles to form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix

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16
Q

Tendon shape

A

like a bundle

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17
Q

Aponeurosis shape

A

flat like a sheet

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18
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are:

A

long
develop through fusion of mesodermal cells
contain hundreds of nuclei

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19
Q

Sarcolemma

A

the cell membrane of a muscle cell
surrounds the sarcoplasm

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20
Q

A change in transmembrane potential:

A

begins contractions

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21
Q

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

A

transmit action potential through cells and allow entire muscle fibers to contract simulateously

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22
Q

Sarcomeres

A

structural units of myofibrils that form strips or striated pattern

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23
Q

M line

A

the center of a band at midline of the sarcomere

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24
Q

I bands

A

light, thin filaments composed of actin

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25
Q

Z lines

A

the center of the I bands

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26
Q

H zone

A

area around the M line that has thick filaments but no thin filaments

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27
Q

Titin

A

strands of protein from tips of thick filaments to the Z line

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28
Q

Transverse tubules encircle the:

A

sarcomere near the zones of overlap

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29
Q

Ca2+ released by:

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum causes thick and thin filaments to interact

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30
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

membranous structure surrounding each myofibril that help transmit action potential to myofibrils

hold onto calcium

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31
Q

Muscle contraction caused by:

A

free Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm and triggers contraction

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32
Q

What are the 4 filament proteins

A

F actin
Nebulin
Tropmyosin
troponin

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33
Q

F actin

A

2 twisted rows of globular G actin & the active sites on G actin strands that bind to myosin

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34
Q

Nebulin

A

holds F actin strands together

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35
Q

Tropomyosin

A

is double strand that prevents actin-myosin interaction

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36
Q

Troponin

A

a globular protein that binds tropomyosin ti G actin and is controlled by Ca2+

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37
Q

Myosin molecule is made up of:

A

a tail and head

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38
Q

Myosin tail

A

binds to other myosin molecules

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39
Q

Myosin head

A

made of 2 globular protein subunits and reaches the nearest thin filament

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40
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

a muscle fiber contracts when myosin filaments pull actin filaments closer together and thus shorten sarcomeres within a fiber

aka contraction

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41
Q

Level 1 (skeletal muscle)

A

skeletal muscle surrounded by epimysium and contains muscle fascicles

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42
Q

Level 2 (muscle fascicle)

A

muscle fascicle surrounded by perimysium and contains muscle fibers

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43
Q

Level 3 (muscle fiber)

A

muscle fiber surrounded by endomysium and contains myofibrils

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44
Q

Level 4 (myofibril)

A

myofibril surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum and consists of sarcomeres (z line to z line)

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45
Q

Level 5 (sarcomere)

A

sarcomere contains thick and think filaments

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46
Q

Neural stimulation of sarcolemma:

A

happens at neuromuscular junction and causes excitation-concentration coupling

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47
Q

excitation-concentration coupling

A

a series of events that links a muscle cell’s action potential to its contraction

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48
Q

Cisternae of SR release:

A

Ca2+ that triggers interaction of thick and thin filaments consuming ATP and producing tension

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49
Q

Action potential

A

a rapid change in the voltage across a cell membrane, which is a nerve signal that allows cells to communicate with each other

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50
Q

The synaptic terminal:

A

releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft

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51
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

the gap between synaptic terminal and motor end plate

52
Q

Acetylcholine or ACh travels:

A

across the synaptic cleft, binds to membrane receptors on sarcolemma and causes sodium-ion rush into sarcoplasm that is quickly broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

53
Q

Action potential generated:

A

by increase in sodium ions in sarcolemma, travels along the T tubules and leads to excitation-contraction coupling

54
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling requires:

A

myosin heads to be in a “cocked” position - or loaded by ATP energy

55
Q

1st step of the contraction cycle

A

exposure of active sites of F actin of the thin filament

56
Q

2nd step of the contraction cycle

A

formation of the cross-bridges due to interaction of actin filaments with myosin heads forming cross-bridges that pivot and produce motion

57
Q

3rd step of the contraction cycle

A

the pivoting of myosin heads

58
Q

4th step of the contraction cycle

A

detachment of the cross-bridges

59
Q

5th step of the contraction cycle

A

reactivation of myosin

60
Q

Contraction duration depends on:

A

duration of neural stimulus and number of free calcium ions in sarcoplasm availability of ATP

61
Q

Relaxation happens when:

A

Ca2+ concentration falls
Ca2+ detaches from troponin
Active sites are recovered by tropomyosin
Sarcomeres remain contracted

62
Q

Rigor mortis

A

a fixed muscular contraction after death that is caused when ion pumps cease to function and calci builds up in the sarcoplasm

63
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

a muscle contraction that involves a change in muscle length while maintaining the same tension

64
Q

Isometric contraction

A

a muscle contraction that occurs when a muscle generates force without changing its length

65
Q

The heavier the resistance of a muscle:

A

the longer it takes for shortening to begin and the less the muscle will shorten

66
Q

Muscle relaxation

A

after contraction a muscle returns to resting length by elastic forces, opposing muscle contractions, or gravity

67
Q

Elastic forces (muscle relaxation)

A

the pull of elastic elements such as tendons or ligaments that expands the sarcomeres to resting length

68
Q

Opposing muscle contractions (muscle relaxation)

A

reverse the direction of the original motion that work as opposing skeletal muscle pairs

ex biceps and triceps

69
Q

Gravity (muscle relaxation)

A

can take place of opposing muscle contraction to return a muscle to its resting length

70
Q

Sustained muscle contraction uses:

A

a lot of ATP energy

71
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

the active energy molecule

72
Q

Creatine phosphate (CT)

A

the storage molecule for excess ATP energy in a resting muscle

73
Q

What two ways do cells produce ATP?

A

aerobic metabolism and anaerobic glycolysis

74
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

primary energy source of resting muscle that breaks down fatty acids

Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly.

75
Q

Aerobic metabolism produces how many ATP molecules per glucose molecule?

A

34 ATP

76
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

is the primary energy source for peak muscular activity that breaks down glucose from glycogen stored in skeletal muscle

77
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis produces how many ATP molecules per glucose molecule?

A

2 ATP

78
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

when muscles can no longer perform a required activity

79
Q

What are the results of muscle fatigue?

A

depletion of metabolic reserves
damage to sarcolemma and SR
low pH due to lactic acid
muscle exhaustion and pain

80
Q

Recovery period

A

the time required after exertion of muscles to return to normal

81
Q

Cori cycle

A

the removal and recycling of lactic acid

82
Q

The liver converts lactic acid to:

A

pyruvic acid

83
Q

Fast fibers

A

contract quickly
have large diameter
large glycogen reserves
few mitochondria
strong contractions
fatigue quickly

ex: body builders

84
Q

Slow fibers

A

slow to contract
slow to fatigue
have high oxygen supply
contain myoglobin

ex: long-distance runners

85
Q

myoglobin

A

red pigment that binds to oxygen

86
Q

intermediate fibers

A

mid-sized
low myoglobin
have more capillaries than fast fibers
slower to fatigue

87
Q

Muscle hypertrophy

A

muscle growth from heavy training

88
Q

Muscle atrophy

A

lack of muscle activity that reduces muscle size, tone, and power

89
Q

Anaerobic endurance

A

use fast fibers, fatigue quickly with strenuous activity

ex: 50-meter dash or weight lifting

90
Q

Aerobic endurance

A

prolonged activity that require more oxygen and nutrients

91
Q

7 characteristics of cardiocytes

A

small
single nucleus
have short, wide t tubules
no triads
SR with no terminal cisternae
are aerobic
have intercalated disks

92
Q

Intercalated discs

A

specialized contact points between cardiocytes

93
Q

Intercalated discs link:

A

heart cells mechanically, chemically and electrically, the heart functions like a single, fused mass of cells

94
Q

Cardiac tissue is controlled by what type of cells?

A

pacemaker cells through electricity

95
Q

Smooth muscle is found in:

A

blood vessels
reproductive and glandular systems
digestive and urinary symptoms
integumentary system

96
Q

8 characteristics of smooth muscle cells

A

long, slender, and spindle shaped
single, central nucleus
no T tubules, myofibrils or sarcomeres
have no tendons
have scattered myosin fibers
myosin fibers have more heads per thick filament
have thin filaments attached to dense bodies

97
Q

Parallel muscle fibers

A

fibers parallel to the long axis of muscle

ex: biceps brachii

98
Q

Parallel muscle contract __ %

A

30%

99
Q

Convergent muscle fibers

A

broad area that converges on attachment site where muscle fibers pull in different directions

ex: pectroralis muscles

100
Q

Pennate muscle fibers

A

muscle fibers that are arranged at an angle to the muscle’s line of action, similar to the way the bristles of a feather are arranged

ex: rectus femoris

101
Q

Circular muscle fibers

A

open and close to guard entrances of the body

ex: sphincters

102
Q

Fulcrum

A

fixed point

103
Q

Applied force

A

the force exerted by a muscle when it contracts

104
Q

Resistance

A

an external force or load that causes muscles to contract

105
Q

First class levers

A

Resistance - fulcrum - applied force

ex: raising head OR seesaw

106
Q

Second class levers

A

fulcrum - resistance - applied force

ex: wheelbarrow or calf raises

107
Q

Third class levers

A

fulcrum - applied force - resistance

the most common lever in the body

ex: bicep curl

108
Q

Muscle origin

A

the point where a muscle attaches to a bone that remains stationary during contraction

109
Q

Muscle insertion

A

the point where a muscle attaches to a bone, tendon, or connective tissue that moves when the muscle contracts

110
Q

Origin is usually ___ to insertion?

A

proximal

111
Q

Agonist muscle

A

the primary muscle that contracts to move or rotate a bone at a joint. It’s also known as the prime mover

112
Q

Antagonist muscle

A

a muscle that performs the opposite action of another muscle

113
Q

Synergist muscle

A

smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist and helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist

114
Q

Rectus

A

straight

115
Q

Transversus

A

across body

116
Q

oblique

A

angle

117
Q

Longus

A

long

118
Q

longissimus

A

longest

119
Q

teres

A

long and round

120
Q

brevis

A

short

121
Q

magnus

A

large

122
Q

major

A

larger

123
Q

maximus

A

largest

124
Q

minor

A

small

125
Q

minimus

A

smallest

Anatomy and physiology 1 (9 decks)

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