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Anatomy and physiology 1 > A/P 1 > Flashcards

A/P 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest chemical units

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2
Q

Molecules

A

Group of atoms working together

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3
Q

Organelles

A

Group of molecules working together

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4
Q

Cells

A

groups of organelles working together

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5
Q

Tissues

A

group of similar cells working together

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6
Q

Organs

A

group of different tissues working together

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7
Q

Organ systems

A

group of organs working together in homeostasis

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8
Q

Organism

A

an individual where all organ systems working together in homeostasis

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9
Q

The body is divided into how many organ systems?

A

11

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10
Q

True or False:
Many organs work in more than one organ system

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

All body systems working together to maintain stable internal environment

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12
Q

Autoregulation (intrinsic)

A

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ

ex: PLTs start clotting process after wound occurs

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13
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

Responses are controlled by nerves and endocrine systems

Ex: air conditioning sensing temp too hot/cold and turning on/off

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14
Q

Regarding hemostasis: Receptor

A

receives the stimulus

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15
Q

Regarding hemostasis: control center

A

processes the signal and sends instructions

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16
Q

Regarding hemostasis: effector

A

carries out instructions

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17
Q

Negative feedback

A

response of the effector negates the stimulus

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18
Q

Positive feedback

A

Response of the effector reinforces the stimulus

Ex: clotting until bleeding is finished

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19
Q

Cranial (anatomical position)

A

Towards the head end of the body

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20
Q

Caudal (anatomical position)

A

towards the tail or away from the head end of the body

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21
Q

Posterior/dorsal (anatomical position)

A

The back portion of the body

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22
Q

Anterior/ventral (anatomical position)

A

The front portion of the body

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23
Q

Lateral (anatomical position)

A

side view

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24
Q

Frontal (anatomical position)

A

Front view

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25
Q

Anatomical direction

A

refers to the pt left or right

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26
Q

Proximal (anatomical position)

A

toward or near the trunk or point of attachment to the body

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27
Q

Distal (anatomical position)

A

Parts of the body further away from the center

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28
Q

Medial (anatomical position)

A

Towards the center of the body

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29
Q

Coronal plane (frontal plane)

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

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30
Q

Sagittal plane

A

divides the body into left and right portions

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31
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

an imaginary vertical plane that runs through the body’s midline, dividing it into two equal halves.

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32
Q

Transverse plane

A

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

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33
Q

Supine

A

Position when laying on back

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34
Q

Prone

A

Position when laying on stomach

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35
Q

Proton

A

Located in nucleus with positive charge

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36
Q

Neutron

A

Located in nucleus with neutral charge

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37
Q

Electron

A

Located outside the nucleus on the orbitals with negative charge

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38
Q

Isotope

A

When the number of neutrons is different than P/E

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39
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Spontaneous decay into elements with lower atomic number

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40
Q

Atomic mass

A

the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons

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41
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons of the element

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42
Q

Orbital

A

area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely found (rings)

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43
Q

Cation

A

When an atom has more protons than electrons thus holding a positive charge

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44
Q

Anion

A

When an atom has more electrons that protons thus holding a negative charge

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45
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of an electron

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46
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of an electron

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47
Q

Max # of electrons in the first shell

A

2

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48
Q

Max # of electrons in the outer shell

A

8

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49
Q

Which atoms have their outer shell filled?

A

Inert

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50
Q

Which atoms do not have their outer shell filled?

A

Reactive

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51
Q

Most common elements in the body?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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52
Q

Molecule (O2)

A

a group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association

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53
Q

Compound

A

composed of two or more different types of atoms bond together

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54
Q

What are the three types of atomic bonds?

A

Ionic, covalent, hydrogen

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55
Q

Ionic bond

A

formed when ions of opposite charges attract each other

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56
Q

Covalent bond

A

formed when two or more atoms share pairs of electrons

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57
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

In a water molecule, both the oxygen and hydrogen atoms attract the shared electrons in the covalent bond (electronegativity)

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58
Q

Polar

A

when an atom had a slightly positive and slight negative charge

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59
Q

Chemical reaction

A

occurs during the formation or breaking of chemical bonds

60
Q

Chemical reactions can be influenced by:

A

-temperature
-concentration of reactants and products
-catalysts

61
Q

Energy

A

the power to do work

62
Q

Work

A

a change in mass or distance

63
Q

Kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

64
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy

65
Q

Chemical energy

A

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

66
Q

What is the main source of energy in the body?

A

ATP

67
Q

Electrical energy

A

Movement of charged particles

Ex: Lightening strike

68
Q

Mechanical enerygy

A

Energy of either stored of releasing energy

69
Q

Radiant energy

A

electromagnetic (energy in waves)

Ex: Light

70
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Gives off energy to surroundings

Ex: Fire giving off heat

71
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

absorbs energy from surroundings

Ex: Snowman melting from heat

72
Q

Catabolism (decomposition reaction)

A

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy.

Ex: hydrolysis

73
Q

Anabolism (synthesis reaction)

A

Taking away water from simple compounds through dehydration synthesis to create complex compounds

74
Q

Exchange reaction (reversible)

A

When two different reactants exchange components to form two new products

EX:
AB + CD → AD + CB

75
Q

Hydrolysis

A

any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds

76
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion

77
Q

Organic molecule

A

Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen

Ex: glucose (carbohydrate)

78
Q

Inorganic molecule

A

Molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen (together)

Ex: All metals

79
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

-solubility
-reactivity
-high heat capacity
-lubrication
-density

80
Q

Electrolytes

A

Ionic minerals with either positive or negative charge

81
Q

Electrolyte imbalance

A

can seriously disturb vital body functions

82
Q

Hydrophilic

A

reacts with water

Hydro = water
philic = loving

83
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Does not react with water

Phobos = fear

84
Q

Concentration

A

the amount of solute in a solvent

85
Q

pH

A

the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

86
Q

Neutral pH

A

A balance of H+ and OH-

87
Q

What is the pH of pure water?

A

7.0

88
Q

Acidic

A

pH lower than 7.0

-High H+ concentration
-Low OH- concentration

89
Q

Basic

A

pH higher than 7.0

-Low H+ concentration
-High OH- concentration

90
Q

Excess H+ ions (low pH) can:

A
  • damage cells and tissues
    -alters proteins
    -interferes with normal physiological functions
91
Q

Acidosis

A

excess H+ in body fluid (low pH)

92
Q

Alkadosis

A

Excess OH- in body fluid (high pH)

93
Q

pH control

A

Adding acidic or basic substances to solution in order to manage pH balance

94
Q

What are the 3 most important dissolved gases?

A

-Oxygen (02)
-Carbon dioxide (CO2)
-Nitrogen (N2)

95
Q

Functional groups

A

Molecular groups which allow molecules to interact with other molecules

96
Q

What is the function of the carbohydrate?

A

Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body’s cells, tissues, and organs.

Favorite source of ATP

97
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms (glucose)

98
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose)

Ex: two or more monosaccharides bonded together

99
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Chains of many simple sugars (glycogen)

100
Q

Lipids

A

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, oils.

101
Q

Lipids are made of mostly

A

carbon and hydrogen atoms

102
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.

103
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds between the carbon atoms

104
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

105
Q

Glycerides

A

Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

106
Q

Triglyceride

A

a type of fat that circulate in your blood and are the most common type of fat in your body

3 fatty-acid tails either saturated or unsaturated

107
Q

Phospholipids

A

-have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

-structured lipids

108
Q

What is the most abundant and important organic molecule?

A

Proteins

109
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

structure, enzymes, hormones, cellular response, cell repair, growth developement, and muscle maintenance

110
Q

Peptide bond

A

removing a water molecule (H2O) from an amino group (–NH2) of one amino acid and a carboxyl group (–COOH) of the adjacent amino acid in a polypeptide chain

111
Q

Polypeptide

A

a long chain of amino acids

112
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Secondary structure folds into a unique shape

Ex: heme units

113
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Several tertiary structures together.

114
Q

Protein function is based on:

A

shape

115
Q

Shape is based on:

A

sequence of amino acids

116
Q

Denaturation

A

loss of shape and function due to head or pH

117
Q

Fibrous proteins

A

made up of polypeptide chains that are elongated and fibrous in nature or have a sheet like structure

118
Q

Globular proteins

A

a protein that is water-soluble and shaped like a sphere or a globe upon folding.

119
Q

Enzymes (as catalysts)

A

Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction

120
Q

substrates

A

Bind to enzymes during chemical reactio to make products

121
Q

How do enzymes work? (active site)

A

A location on an enzyme that fits a particular substrate

122
Q

Activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.

123
Q

Nucleic acids

A

large organic molecules, found in the nucleus which store ad process information

124
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

-determines inherited characteristics
-directs protein synthesis
-controls enzyme production
-controls metabolism

125
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.

126
Q

A and its pairing

A

Adenine

always pairs with thymine (T) OR RNA uracil (U)

127
Q

T and its pairing

A

Thymine

always pairs with adenine (A)

128
Q

C and its pairing

A

Cytosine

always pairs with guanine (G)

129
Q

G and its pairing

A

guanine

always pairs with cytosine (C)

130
Q

Nucleotides

A

are the building blocks of DNA.

-sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base (A,G,T,C)

131
Q

Adenosine diphosphate

A

ADP

2 phosphate groups

132
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP

3 phosphate groups

133
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Adding phosphate group to ADP with a high energy bond to form high energy compound ATP

134
Q

ATPase

A

the enzyme that catalyses phosphorylation

135
Q

Serous membrane

A

secretes serous fluid that lubricates the tissues so organs can move without friction

136
Q

Visceral membrane

A

covers the external surface of organs within the cavity

137
Q

Parietal pleura

A

forms the outer boundary of the pleural cavity

138
Q

Visceral pleura

A

tightly encloses the lungs

139
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

forms the inner layer of the pericardial sac

140
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

tightly encloses the heart

141
Q

Parietal
peritoneum

A

lines the walls of the abdominal cavity

142
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

tightly encloses most of the organs found within the abdominal cavity

143
Q

Major organs within the RUQ

A

-liver
-stomach
-transverse colon
-gallbladder
-right kidney
-right adrenal gland
-duodenum

144
Q

Major organs within the RLQ

A

-cecum
-appendix
-large intestine
-right reproductive organs
-right ureter

145
Q

Major organs within the LUQ

A

-Stomach
-spleen
-transverse colon
-small intestine
-pancreas
-left kidney
-left adrenal gland
-liver

146
Q

Major organs within the LLQ

A

-small intestine
-sigmoid colon
-left ureter
-large intestine
-left reproductive organs

147
Q
A

Anatomy and physiology 1 (4 decks)

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