A/P 1 Flashcards
Atoms
the smallest chemical units
Molecules
Group of atoms working together
Organelles
Group of molecules working together
Cells
groups of organelles working together
Tissues
group of similar cells working together
Organs
group of different tissues working together
Organ systems
group of organs working together in homeostasis
Organism
an individual where all organ systems working together in homeostasis
The body is divided into how many organ systems?
11
True or False:
Many organs work in more than one organ system
TRUE
Homeostasis
All body systems working together to maintain stable internal environment
Autoregulation (intrinsic)
Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
ex: PLTs start clotting process after wound occurs
Extrinsic regulation
Responses are controlled by nerves and endocrine systems
Ex: air conditioning sensing temp too hot/cold and turning on/off
Regarding hemostasis: Receptor
receives the stimulus
Regarding hemostasis: control center
processes the signal and sends instructions
Regarding hemostasis: effector
carries out instructions
Negative feedback
response of the effector negates the stimulus
Positive feedback
Response of the effector reinforces the stimulus
Ex: clotting until bleeding is finished
Cranial (anatomical position)
Towards the head end of the body
Caudal (anatomical position)
towards the tail or away from the head end of the body
Posterior/dorsal (anatomical position)
The back portion of the body
Anterior/ventral (anatomical position)
The front portion of the body
Lateral (anatomical position)
side view
Frontal (anatomical position)
Front view
Anatomical direction
refers to the pt left or right
Proximal (anatomical position)
toward or near the trunk or point of attachment to the body
Distal (anatomical position)
Parts of the body further away from the center
Medial (anatomical position)
Towards the center of the body
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Sagittal plane
divides the body into left and right portions
Midsagittal plane
an imaginary vertical plane that runs through the body’s midline, dividing it into two equal halves.
Transverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Supine
Position when laying on back
Prone
Position when laying on stomach
Proton
Located in nucleus with positive charge
Neutron
Located in nucleus with neutral charge
Electron
Located outside the nucleus on the orbitals with negative charge
Isotope
When the number of neutrons is different than P/E
Radioactive isotope
Spontaneous decay into elements with lower atomic number
Atomic mass
the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons
Atomic number
Number of protons of the element
Orbital
area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely found (rings)
Cation
When an atom has more protons than electrons thus holding a positive charge
Anion
When an atom has more electrons that protons thus holding a negative charge
Oxidation
loss of an electron
Reduction
Gain of an electron
Max # of electrons in the first shell
2
Max # of electrons in the outer shell
8
Which atoms have their outer shell filled?
Inert
Which atoms do not have their outer shell filled?
Reactive
Most common elements in the body?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
Molecule (O2)
a group of atoms held together by energy in a stable association
Compound
composed of two or more different types of atoms bond together
What are the three types of atomic bonds?
Ionic, covalent, hydrogen
Ionic bond
formed when ions of opposite charges attract each other
Covalent bond
formed when two or more atoms share pairs of electrons
Hydrogen bonding
In a water molecule, both the oxygen and hydrogen atoms attract the shared electrons in the covalent bond (electronegativity)
Polar
when an atom had a slightly positive and slight negative charge
Chemical reaction
occurs during the formation or breaking of chemical bonds
Chemical reactions can be influenced by:
-temperature
-concentration of reactants and products
-catalysts
Energy
the power to do work
Work
a change in mass or distance
Kinetic energy
the energy of motion
Potential energy
stored energy
Chemical energy
potential energy stored in chemical bonds
What is the main source of energy in the body?
ATP
Electrical energy
Movement of charged particles
Ex: Lightening strike
Mechanical enerygy
Energy of either stored of releasing energy
Radiant energy
electromagnetic (energy in waves)
Ex: Light
Exergonic reactions
Gives off energy to surroundings
Ex: Fire giving off heat
Endergonic reactions
absorbs energy from surroundings
Ex: Snowman melting from heat
Catabolism (decomposition reaction)
the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy.
Ex: hydrolysis
Anabolism (synthesis reaction)
Taking away water from simple compounds through dehydration synthesis to create complex compounds
Exchange reaction (reversible)
When two different reactants exchange components to form two new products
EX:
AB + CD → AD + CB
Hydrolysis
any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds
Dehydration synthesis
chemical reaction that involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule or ion
Organic molecule
Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen
Ex: glucose (carbohydrate)
Inorganic molecule
Molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen (together)
Ex: All metals
What are the properties of water?
-solubility
-reactivity
-high heat capacity
-lubrication
-density
Electrolytes
Ionic minerals with either positive or negative charge
Electrolyte imbalance
can seriously disturb vital body functions
Hydrophilic
reacts with water
Hydro = water
philic = loving
Hydrophobic
Does not react with water
Phobos = fear
Concentration
the amount of solute in a solvent
pH
the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
Neutral pH
A balance of H+ and OH-
What is the pH of pure water?
7.0
Acidic
pH lower than 7.0
-High H+ concentration
-Low OH- concentration
Basic
pH higher than 7.0
-Low H+ concentration
-High OH- concentration
Excess H+ ions (low pH) can:
- damage cells and tissues
-alters proteins
-interferes with normal physiological functions
Acidosis
excess H+ in body fluid (low pH)
Alkadosis
Excess OH- in body fluid (high pH)
pH control
Adding acidic or basic substances to solution in order to manage pH balance
What are the 3 most important dissolved gases?
-Oxygen (02)
-Carbon dioxide (CO2)
-Nitrogen (N2)
Functional groups
Molecular groups which allow molecules to interact with other molecules
What is the function of the carbohydrate?
Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body’s cells, tissues, and organs.
Favorite source of ATP
Monosaccharides
simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms (glucose)
Disaccharides
2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose)
Ex: two or more monosaccharides bonded together
Polysaccharides
Chains of many simple sugars (glycogen)
Lipids
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, oils.
Lipids are made of mostly
carbon and hydrogen atoms
What is the function of lipids?
storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.
Saturated fatty acids
type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds between the carbon atoms
Unsaturated fatty acids
have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Glycerides
Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Triglyceride
a type of fat that circulate in your blood and are the most common type of fat in your body
3 fatty-acid tails either saturated or unsaturated
Phospholipids
-have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
-structured lipids
What is the most abundant and important organic molecule?
Proteins
What is the function of proteins?
structure, enzymes, hormones, cellular response, cell repair, growth developement, and muscle maintenance
Peptide bond
removing a water molecule (H2O) from an amino group (–NH2) of one amino acid and a carboxyl group (–COOH) of the adjacent amino acid in a polypeptide chain
Polypeptide
a long chain of amino acids
Tertiary structure
Secondary structure folds into a unique shape
Ex: heme units
Quaternary structure
Several tertiary structures together.
Protein function is based on:
shape
Shape is based on:
sequence of amino acids
Denaturation
loss of shape and function due to head or pH
Fibrous proteins
made up of polypeptide chains that are elongated and fibrous in nature or have a sheet like structure
Globular proteins
a protein that is water-soluble and shaped like a sphere or a globe upon folding.
Enzymes (as catalysts)
Proteins that speed up a chemical reaction
substrates
Bind to enzymes during chemical reactio to make products
How do enzymes work? (active site)
A location on an enzyme that fits a particular substrate
Activation energy
the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.
Nucleic acids
large organic molecules, found in the nucleus which store ad process information
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
-determines inherited characteristics
-directs protein synthesis
-controls enzyme production
-controls metabolism
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.
A and its pairing
Adenine
always pairs with thymine (T) OR RNA uracil (U)
T and its pairing
Thymine
always pairs with adenine (A)
C and its pairing
Cytosine
always pairs with guanine (G)
G and its pairing
guanine
always pairs with cytosine (C)
Nucleotides
are the building blocks of DNA.
-sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base (A,G,T,C)
Adenosine diphosphate
ADP
2 phosphate groups
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP
3 phosphate groups
Phosphorylation
Adding phosphate group to ADP with a high energy bond to form high energy compound ATP
ATPase
the enzyme that catalyses phosphorylation
Serous membrane
secretes serous fluid that lubricates the tissues so organs can move without friction
Visceral membrane
covers the external surface of organs within the cavity
Parietal pleura
forms the outer boundary of the pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
tightly encloses the lungs
Parietal pericardium
forms the inner layer of the pericardial sac
Visceral pericardium
tightly encloses the heart
Parietal
peritoneum
lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum
tightly encloses most of the organs found within the abdominal cavity
Major organs within the RUQ
-liver
-stomach
-transverse colon
-gallbladder
-right kidney
-right adrenal gland
-duodenum
Major organs within the RLQ
-cecum
-appendix
-large intestine
-right reproductive organs
-right ureter
Major organs within the LUQ
-Stomach
-spleen
-transverse colon
-small intestine
-pancreas
-left kidney
-left adrenal gland
-liver
Major organs within the LLQ
-small intestine
-sigmoid colon
-left ureter
-large intestine
-left reproductive organs
