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Anatomy and physiology 1 > Osseous tissue and bone > Flashcards

Osseous tissue and bone Flashcards

1
Q

Endoskeleton

A

rigid internal skeleton to which muscles are attached and is composed of cartilage or bone

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2
Q

Skeletal system includes:

A

bones, cartilages, ligaments, and connective tissues

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3
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

A

support
storage of minerals
storage of lipids
blood cell production
protection
leverage (force of movement)

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4
Q

How many major bones in an ADULT skeleton?

A

206

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5
Q

Bones are identified by:

A

shape, internal tissue, and bone marking

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6
Q

What are the bone shapes?

A

long bones
flat bones
sutural bones
irregular bones
short bones
sesamoid bones

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7
Q

Long bones:

A

are found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

long and thin bones used primarily for movement

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8
Q

Flat bones:

A

are found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapula

thin with parallel surfaces for protection

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9
Q

Sutural bones:

A

small, irregular bones found between the flat bones of the skull

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10
Q

Irregular bones:

A

have complex shapes

ex: spinal vertebrae and pelvic bones

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11
Q

Short bones:

A

small and thick bones such as ankle/wrist bones

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12
Q

Sesamoid bones:

A

small and flat bones that develop inside tendons near joints of knees, hands, and feet and are strapped in place with limited movement

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13
Q

Process (bone marking)

A

any projection or bump

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14
Q

Ramus (bone marking)

A

an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure

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15
Q

Trochanter (bone marking)

A

a large, rough projection

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16
Q

Tuberosity (bone marking)

A

smaller, rough projection

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17
Q

Tubercle (bone marking)

A

a small, rounded projection

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18
Q

Crest (bone marking)

A

a prominent ridge

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19
Q

Line (bone marking)

A

a low ridge

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20
Q

Spine (bone marking)

A

a pointed process

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21
Q

Head (bone marking)

A

the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck

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22
Q

Neck (bone marking)

A

a narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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23
Q

Condyle (bone marking)

A

a smooth, rounded articular process

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24
Q

Trochlea (bone marking)

A

a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

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25
Q

Facet (bone marking)

A

a small, flat articulate surface

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26
Q

Fossa (bone marking)

A

a shallow depression

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27
Q

Sulcus (bone marking)

A

a narrow groove

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28
Q

Foreman (bone marking)

A

a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves

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29
Q

Canal (bone marking)

A

a passageway through the substance of a bone

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30
Q

Fissure (bone marking)

A

an elongated cleft

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31
Q

Sinus or antrum (bone marking)

A

a chamber within a bone that is normally filled with air

32
Q

Diaphysis

A

aka the shaft

has a heavy wall of compact bone or dense bone with a central space called the marrow cavity

33
Q

Epithysis

A

Wide part at each end of the bone that articulates with other bones

mostly spongy bone covered with compact bone

34
Q

Metaphysis

A

where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet

35
Q

Osseous tissue

A

a hard, mineralized connective tissue that gives bones strength and structure

36
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix that live in the lacunae

37
Q

Osteocyte funtion

A

maintain protein and mineral content of the matrix and repair broken bone

38
Q

Osetoblasts

A

immature cells that create new bone and help heal and grow existing bones

39
Q

Osetoclasts

A

cells that break down old bone tissue to make room for new bone growth and repair

40
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

stem cells (mesenchymal) in bone that are responsible for bone growth and repair. They are found in the bone marrow and are the precursors to more specialized bone cells, such as osteoblasts and osteocytes

41
Q

Osteolysis

A

a progressive condition that causes bone tissue to be destroyed, softened, and weakened

42
Q

Bone matrix

A

a composite material that gives bones their strength and structure

43
Q

Bone matrix composition

A

Organic component: Made up of proteins like collagen, osteonectin, and osteocalcin, which contribute to the tensile strength and structural organization of bones

Inorganic component: Made up of calcium and phosphate, which form hydroxyapatite crystals that give bones their hardness and rigidity

44
Q

Compact bone structure:

A

composed of cylindrical units called osteons, which consist of concentric rings of bone matrix (lamellae) surrounding a central canal (Haversian canal) containing blood vessels and nerves

45
Q

Perforating canals

A

Microscopic channels in the compact bone that run perpendicular to canals. They carry blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and connect the canals with each other and the periosteum

46
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

form lamellar rings that encompass the entire external circumference of the shaft of long bones

47
Q

Periosteum

A

a fibrous sheath that covers bones. It contains the blood vessels and nerves that provide nourishment and sensation to the bone

48
Q

Functions of the periosteum

A

-isolate bone from surrounding tissues
-provide a route for circulatory and nervous supply
-participate in bone growth and repair

49
Q

Endosteum

A

A membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall also identified as the lining membrane of the Bone marrow cavity

50
Q

Spongy bone

A

a lightweight, supportive bone tissue that’s found in the ends of long bones and gives bones their strength while reducing their weight

no blood supply

51
Q

Red bone marrow

A

has blood vessels, forms red blood cells, and supples nutrients to the osteocytes

52
Q

Yellow Bone marrow

A

made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells

53
Q

Osteogenesis

A

bone formation

54
Q

Ossification

A

the process of replacing other tissues with bone

55
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

a process that directly converts mesenchymal tissue into bone

56
Q

1st step of intramembranous ossification

A

mesenchymal cells aggregate and differentiate into osteoblasts and begin ossification at ossification center

57
Q

2nd step of intramembranous ossification

A

Blood vessels grow into the area to supple the osteoblasts and spicules connect trapping blood vessels inside bone

58
Q

3rd step of intramembranous ossification

A

spongy bone develops and is remodeled into osteons of compact bone

59
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

the process of bone formation in which cartilage scaffolds, arranged in zones, are gradually replaced by bone

60
Q

1st step of endochondral ossification

A

mesenchymal cells differentiate chondodrytes

61
Q

2nd step of endochondral ossification

A

the cartilage model of the future bony skeleton and the perichondrium form

62
Q

3rd step of endochondral ossification

A

blood vessels enter the cartilage bringing fibroblasts that become osteoblasts and spongy bone develops at the primary ossification center

63
Q

4th step of endochondral ossification

A

Remodeling creates a marrow cavity and bone replaces cartilage at the metaphyses

64
Q

5th step of endochondral ossification

A

Capillaries and osteoblasts enter the epiphyses creating secondary ossification centers

65
Q

6th step of endochondral ossification

A

Epiphyses fill with spongy bone

66
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A

a ridge on the surface of a mature bone that marks the point where the epiphysis and diaphysis of a bone fuse together

67
Q

What are the 3 sets of vessels that make up the blood supply to mature bones?

A

-nutrient artery and vein
-metaphyseal vessels
-periosteal vessels

68
Q

Bone remodeling

A

a continuous process that replaces old or damaged bone tissue with new bone tissue

69
Q

Vitamin C (effects on bone)

A

required for collagen synthesis and stimulates osteoblast differentiation

70
Q

Vitamin A (effects on bone)

A

stimulates osteoblast activity

71
Q

Vitamins K and B12 (effects on bone)

A

help synthesize bone proteins

72
Q

Calcitrol

A

a hormone that’s the active form of vitamin D and is produced in the kidneys

73
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

74
Q

Calcium ions are vital to:

A

membranes, neurons, muscle cells and are closely monitored by homeostasis

75
Q

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A

increases calcium ion levels by stimulating osteoclasts increasing intestinal absorption of calcium that decreased calcium excretion in the kidneys

76
Q

Calcitonin

A

secreted by C cells in the thyroid

decreases calcium ion levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity thus increasing calcium excretion in the kidneys

Anatomy and physiology 1 (9 decks)

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