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Biology > the skeleton and muscles > Flashcards

the skeleton and muscles Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the skeleton?

A

support
protection
movement
shape
manufacture of blood components

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2
Q

what makes red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets?

A

red bone marrow

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3
Q

spilt the skeleton

A

axial and appendicular

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4
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull
spine
ribs
sternum

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5
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

limbs
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle

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6
Q

how many bones are in the spine

A

33

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7
Q

what are the bones called in the spine

A

vertebrae

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8
Q

pectoral girdle

A

clavicle
scapula

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9
Q

what are the regions of the spine in order?

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx

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10
Q

how many regions in the spine?

A

5 regions

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11
Q

what are the top 24 vertebrae held by

A

ligaments

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12
Q

what are the ligaments separated by

A

discs of cartilage

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13
Q

what are discs

A

hard outer layer and soft-jelly like liquid

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14
Q

the function of discs of cartilage

A

shock absorber

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15
Q

how many are fused together

A

last nine vertebraes

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16
Q

vertebra contains

A

meninges
neural spine
transverse process
centrum
neural canal
facet

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17
Q

meninges

A

membranes lining the spinal cord

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18
Q

neural spine

A

muscular attachment

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19
Q

transverse process

A

muscular attachment

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20
Q

centrum

A

strength

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21
Q

neural canal

A

contains the spinal cord

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22
Q

facet

A

point of contact and movement with next vetebra

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23
Q

arm names

A

humerus
radius
ulna
carpal
metacarpal
phalange

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24
Q

leg names

A

femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsal
metatarsal
phalange

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25
Q

joint

A

two or more bones meet

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26
Q

how are joints classified

A

degree of movement they allow

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27
Q

immovable

A

fixed or fused

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28
Q

immovable joints examples

A

skull and pelvic girdel

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29
Q

whats junctions between two fused bones called

A

suture

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30
Q

what do the immovable joints provide

A

strength
support
protection

31
Q

slightly movable joints

A

between vertebrae in the upper spinal column

32
Q

what are the bones separated by in the joints between vertebrae in the upper spinal column?

A

pads of cartilage

33
Q

what do ligaments do to joints?

A

limit amount of movement possible in order to protect the nerves of the spinal cord

34
Q

freely movable

35
Q

synovial joints

A

ends of bones covered with cartilage and bones are separated by cavity

36
Q

ligaments

A

strong fibrous, slightly elastic tissues that connect bone to bone

37
Q

tendons

A

strong flexible inelastic fibres that connect muscle to bone

38
Q

when are ligaments more flexible

A

when warms (need for warming up exercise before physical activities to prevent ligaments from being damaged)

39
Q

what are tendons mostly composed of

A

collagen and contain some blood vessels

40
Q

what musculoskeletal disorder did you study?

41
Q

cause of arthritis

A

skeletal disorder resulting from inflammation (swelling) of a joint

42
Q

how many types of arthritis are there?

A

over 100 hundred types

43
Q

most common type of arthritis

A

osteroarthritis

44
Q

when does osteoarthritis occur

A

from 50 yrs and onwards

45
Q

what is osteoarthritis caused by?

A

cartilage in the synodical joints

46
Q

why do underlying bones do this?

A

enlarge and more synovial fluid forms

47
Q

what happens to the joints

A

become stiff and sore

48
Q

how many people does osteoarthritis affect?

A

half a million people in irleand

49
Q

most severe arthritis?

A

rheumatoid

50
Q

how is rheumatoid caused

A

genetically by the body’s immune system turning on itself

51
Q

what attacked first in rheumatoid

A

synovial membranes

52
Q

what happens to joints

A

swells and in time may become damaged and deformed

53
Q

how is arthritis prevented

A

reducing damage to joints
use proper footwear
avoid running on hard surfaces
exercise by swimming an walking instead of running

54
Q

treatment of arthritis

A

no cure
rest
exercises to maintain mobility an strength
weight loss
anti-inflammatory medications
steroids
drugs to reduce immune response
surgery to replace the joint

55
Q

the three types of muscles

A

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

56
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated
striped
voluntary

57
Q

how many skeletal muscles are in the body

A

over 600
makeup 50 percent body weight

58
Q

what are skeletal muscles do

A

body movements contract quickly tires

59
Q

smooth muscle

A

unstriped
involuntary

60
Q

where is smooth muscle found?

A

digestive system
blood vessels
bladder
uterus
contracts slowly and slow to tire
under involuntary or unconscious control

61
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart
involuntary
not under concious vontrol
many mitochonra
contracts strong and does not easily tire

62
Q

what is muscle contraction

A

active process and requires energy in the form of ATP

63
Q

how are muscles connected to bones

A

by tendons

64
Q

antagonistic pair

A

two muscles that have to opposite effects to each other

65
Q

3 types of muscles

A

smooth
skeletal
cardiac

66
Q

antagonistic pair

A

two muscles that have opposite effects to each other

67
Q

example of a antagonistic pair

A

the biceps is a flexor
triceps extensor

68
Q

flexor

A

closes the joint

69
Q

extensor

A

opens the joint

70
Q

examples of synovial joints

A

ball and socket joints
hinge joints

71
Q

ball and socket joints

A

shoulder and hip

72
Q

hinge joints

A

elbow and knee

73
Q

skeletal muscles concerned with?

A

body movements
contract but tires easily
under voluntary or unconscious control

74
Q

what do the ribs protect?

A

the internal organs

Biology (15 decks)

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