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NUT1005 > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skeleton

A

Mechanical support and protection for internal organs

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2
Q

What 4 things is the skeleton composed of

A

Bones, cartilage, joints and ligaments

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3
Q

What are the two major skeleton components

A

Axial and Appendicular

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4
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

The central component of the overall skeleton that supports and protects the organs of the head, neck and torso

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5
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton

A

80

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6
Q

What 3 main types of bones are in the axial skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral and thoracic

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7
Q

What two types of bones does the skull consist of

A

Cranial and facial bones

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8
Q

When do the cranial plates fuse

A

At 2 years old

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9
Q

How many cranial bones are there

A

8

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10
Q

How many facial bones are there

A

14

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11
Q

Why are we born with separate plates in the skull

A

Flexibility for birth/ as the skull passes the birth canal/ pelvis

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12
Q

How many bones make up the ribcage

A

12 pairs of ribs and the sternum

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13
Q

What end of the ribs join to the thoracic vertebrae

A

The rounded ends

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14
Q

What do the flattened ends of the ribs attach to

A

The sternum

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15
Q

Which ribs are the floating ribs and why

A

8th- 10th ribs as do not attach to sternum

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16
Q

Why happens to the vertebrae bones during development

A

Some fuse together to form 24 bones

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17
Q

What are the 5 types of vertebrae bones

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

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18
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

A

126

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19
Q

What is the pectoral girdle

A

Scapula and clavicle

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20
Q

What bones make up the upper extremities of the appendicular skeleton

A

Humerous, ulna, radius (arms) and carpals, metacarpals, phalanges and sesamoid (hands)

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21
Q

What is the pelvic girdle

A

The 2 pelvic (hip) bones

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22
Q

What makes up the lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton

A

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula (legs) and talus, calcaneus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges and sesamoids (feet)

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23
Q

What is osseous tissue

A

Bone tissue

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24
Q

What does bone/osseous tissue consist of

A

Mineral salts, organic matrix (90% colllagen) and water

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25
Q

What are the functions of calcium in bone

A

Mechanical support, mineral homeostasis, acid-base homeostasis, defence against toxins, haematopiesis

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26
Q

What are the 4 components of bone general anatomy

A

Diaphysis, medullary cavity, epiphysis, metaphysis

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27
Q

What is the Diaphysis

A

The central tubular shaft of bone marrow that contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels to deliver nutrients and remove waste

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28
Q

What are the walls of the diaphysis composed of

A

Dense, compact cortical bone

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29
Q

What is medullary cavity

A

Component of bone containing yellow marrow (adipocytes)

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30
Q

What is the epipysis

A

Wider section at end of bones composed of spongy bone that is covered with articular cartilage to provide shock resistance and reduce friction

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31
Q

Where are is the red bone marrow located

A

Between the spongy bone (epipysis)

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32
Q

What is the metaphysis

A

Region of bone where epiphysis and diaphysis meet, contains the epiphyseal plate

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33
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate containing transparent cartilage

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34
Q

What happens to the epiphyseal plate when bone stops growing

A

Cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue and epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line

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35
Q

What is the endosteum

A

The region where bone growth, repair and remodelling occur

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36
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Fibrous membrane containing blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels that nourish the compact bone and also act as a site for attachment of tendons and ligaments

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37
Q

What is bone

A

Connective tissue made rigid by the deposition of hydroxyapatites

38
Q

What are hydroxyapatites

A

Inorganic mineral crystals

39
Q

What does the organic matrix/ osteoid in bone consist of

A

Collagen fibres encrusted with crystalline hydroxyapatite, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans

40
Q

What forms the cartilage in bone

A

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans

41
Q

How is crystalline hydroxyapatite in collagen formed over time

A

In young bones insoluble amorphous calcium phosphate is dissolved and converted into crystalline hydroxyapatite

42
Q

Describe compact bone

A

Dense bone with cells arranged in concentric circles that can withstand compression to provide the body with support and protection

43
Q

Describe spongy bone

A

Cancellous bone arranged in trabeculae with open spaces to make the bone lighter to support shifts in weight distribution

44
Q

Where is the site of hematopoesis (RBC synthesis)

A

Red marrow

45
Q

What forms the calcifiable (ability to secrete minerals) matrix of bone

A

Collagen

46
Q

What is collagen

A

Fibrous protein rich in amino acids that consists of tropocollagen molecules

47
Q

What amino acids is collagen rich in

A

Glycine, proline and hydroxyproline

48
Q

What are tropocollagen fibres

A

Rod like cylinders in collagen that consist of three separate alpha chain monomers that form a triple helix held together by weak intermolecular forces

49
Q

What is native collagen

A

Collagen synthesised from osteoblasts (new collagen)

50
Q

Which type of collagen can initiate mineral crystal formation from calcium and phosphate/ form new bone

A

Native collagen

51
Q

What are the function of hydroxyapatite crystals

A

Complex of mineral salts that provide hardness and strength to bone, enable ion exchange with extracellular fluid so bone can buffer the pH of the extracellular fluid and trap toxins in bone (defence mechanism)

52
Q

How do hydroxyapatite crystals enable ion exchange with the extracellular fluid

A

Crystals absorb excess phosphate which binds water to from a hydration shell with enables the exchange

53
Q

What feature of the hydroxyapatite crystals enables defence against toxin

A

Ions within the crystal have a slow rate of turnover so toxins can displace calcium in the bone and remain in there for years

54
Q

Which part of the bone is continually synthesised, secreted, organised, mineralised and destroyed

A

Bone matrix

55
Q

What two cell types control bone matrix turnover

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

56
Q

What are osteoblasts

A

single nuclear cells that form new bone and synthesise and secrete collagen matrix and calcium salts

57
Q

What are osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells formed when osteoblasts become encrusted within hydroxyapatite crystals/ trapped within the calcified matrix

58
Q

What are osteoclasts

A

Multinuclear giant cells derived from macrophages/monocytes

59
Q

How do osteoblasts synthesise collagen

A

In ribosome of osteoblasts pro collagen is secreted into extracellular space and converted into tropocollagen molecules that are polymerised to form microfibrils, these collagen microfibrils accumulate mineral ions in vesicles to form the hydroxyapatite crystals

60
Q

How do osteoblasts synthesise collagen

A

In ribosome of osteoblasts pro collagen is secreted into extracellular space and converted into tropocollagen molecules that are polymerised to form microfibrils, these collagen microfibrils accumulate mineral ions in vesicles to form the hydroxyapatite crystals

61
Q

What 3 hormone control mineral homeostasis in bone

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalxiferol (metabolically active vitamin D)

62
Q

Describe the relationship between the inorganic and organic phases of bone metabolism

A

Intimate relationship so resorption of bone involves the destruction of both organic matrix and inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals

63
Q

What is the inorganic phase of bone metabolism

A

Hydroxyapatite

64
Q

What is the organic phase of bone metabolism

A

Collagen

65
Q

What stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion

A

Low ca2+/ plasma

66
Q

What is the function of PTH

A

Promotes bone resorption by osteocytes and osteoblasts

67
Q

What is bone resorption

A

Breakdown of bone

68
Q

What are the short term effects of PTH

A

In minutes increased Ca2+ from deep bone to surface and raised plasma/ca2+

69
Q

What are the long term effects of PTH

A

Over hours/days increases number of osteoclasts which stimulate breakdown of collagen to release ca2+
Also increases formation of osteoblasts (form collagen new bone to prevent erosion in the long term)

70
Q

What is PTH

A

84 AA polypeptide hormone with a half life of 20 minutes in blood

71
Q

What is calcitonin

A

32 amino acid polypeptide hormone with a half life of 15 minutes in blood

72
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted from

A

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

73
Q

What stimulates calcitonin secretion

A

A rise in plasma (ca2+ )

74
Q

What are the effects of calcitonin

A

Reduces plasma (ca2+) by inhibiting resorption of bone by osteoclasts and prevents plasma hypercalcaemia by promoting ca2+ storage in bone

75
Q

What stimulates the production of metabolically active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2vitD3)

A

In low plasma (ca2+)/ hypocalcaemia PTH is secreted which acts on the kidney to enhance 1alpah- hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)vitD3) to form the metabolically active 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
And low plasma can also independently promote its production

76
Q

What is the function of 1,25(OH)2vitD3

A

Promotes bone resorption via osteoclasts to increase plasma (ca2+)

77
Q

What inhibits the formation of 1,25(OH)2vitD3

A

Hypercalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia

78
Q

What is a joint

A

Where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together ( articulate) to form a connection

79
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of bone

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

80
Q

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints

A

Synarthrosis , amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis

81
Q

What is a synarthrosis joint

A

Immobile joint e.g. sutures skull

82
Q

What is amphiarthrosis joint

A

Slightly moveable e.g. vertebrae

83
Q

What is a diarthrosis joint

A

Freely moveable joint e.g. synovial joints in appendicular skeleton

84
Q

What are fibrous joints

A

Adjacent bones that directly connected by fibrous connective tissue and no joint cavity e.g. sutures of skull

85
Q

What are cartilaginous joints

A

Adjacent bones that are directly connected by cartilage and lack a joint cavity e.g. costal cartilage of thoracic cage and anterior end of rib

86
Q

What is cartilage

A

Tough but flexible connective tissue

87
Q

What are synovial joints

A

Most common type of joint where Joint cavity separates the adjacent bones and ligaments or tendons attach bones/muscle

88
Q

What is the joint cavity

A

Joint cavity walls are formed by articular capsule attached to bones and filled with synovial fluid and secreted by synovial membranes to lubricate the joint and enable flexibility

89
Q

What is the articular capsule

A

Walls of joint cavity that are fibrous connective tissue made up of articular cartilage at the end of each bone to prevent friction between bones

90
Q

What are ligaments

A

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone to supports the joint and limits the range of movement

91
Q

What are tendons

A

Attach muscle to bone and provide extra support to the joint

92
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joint

A

Pivot, ball and socket, condyloid, plane, saddle and hinge joints

NUT1005 (18 decks)

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