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NUT1005 > The Male Reproductive Sytem > Flashcards

The Male Reproductive Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic structure of the male gonads

A

Epididymis, ductus deferens and testes

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2
Q

What is the dual function of the male gonads

A

-Testes secrete large amounts of androgens and small amounts of oestrogens
- Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis in males) to produce gametes

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3
Q

Describe the basic anatomy of the male reproductive system

A

Testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate, ejaculatory duct, bulbourethal gland, penis

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4
Q

What is the role of the testes

A

Contains globules where spermatogenesis will occur

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5
Q

What is the role of the epididymis

A

Sperm produced are deposited here and travel as they mature

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6
Q

What is the role of the vas deferens

A

Inactive sperm produced are stored here for up to. 3 months

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7
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicle

A

Produces some of the components that make up the semen that dilutes the sperm to form the ejaculate

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8
Q

What is the role of the prostate

A

Prostate gland creates remaining component of semen, mostly muscle providing switch between urinary tract and ejaculatory tract

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9
Q

What is the role of the ejaculatory duct

A

Everything is mixed to form semen and expelled

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10
Q

What is the intratubular compartment

A

Component of testes that contains stem cells involved in sperm production

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11
Q

What is the peritubular compartment

A

Component of testes that contains leading cells e.g. hormale cells, muscle cells and blood vessels to support spermatogenesis

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12
Q

What are spermatids

A

Small round cells that undergo spermaiogenesis to form spermatozoa (sperm)

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13
Q

What is a spermatozoom

A

Matured spermatids with a smaller nucleus, little cytoplasm and prominent tail

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14
Q

How do sperm propel themselves

A

Micro tubular structures within their tail

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15
Q

What is the acrosome

A

Membrane covering head of sperm that acts as a lysosome and contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest the egg membrane

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16
Q

Why are the hydrolytic enzymes in the acrosome only activated during the acrosomal reaction in the fallopian tube

A

Enable fertilisation and prevents digestion of other cell membranes that aren’t the egg

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17
Q

How many days does spermatogenesis take

A

72

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18
Q

How often do groups of spermatogonia enter spermatogenesis

A

Every 16 days

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19
Q

Why are spermatogenesis cycles consistent

A

To ensure that not all spermatogonia enter spermatogenesis at the same time along the entire length of the seminiferous tubule

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20
Q

What type or types of cell division does spermatogenesis involve

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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21
Q

Describe the 6 steps in spermatogenesis

A

1) spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) divide by mitosis to produce daughter spermatogonia (2n)
2) at least one spermatogonium remains in the stem cell population
3) majority id spermatogonia migrate away from basal laminate (in testes) and differentiate into primary spermatocytes (2n)
4) primary spermatocytes enter meiosis 1 to form 2 secondary spermatocytes (n)
5) each secondary spermatocyte enters meiosis 2 within 20 minutes to form spermatids (n)
6) Initial products of meiosis 1 and 2 are four spermatids linked with cytoplasmic bridges

22
Q

Describe the development of a spermatogonial stem cell to a mature sperm

A

Spermatogonial stem cells, spermatogonium, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, mature sperm cell

23
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the Sertoli cells

A

1) guide sperm towards lumen by forming and re-forming junctions
2) Blood testes barrier as tight junctions to provide immunologically safe environment
3)Secrete fluid to move immobile sperm to epididymis
4) transfer nutrients
5) phagocytosis of residual cytoplasm and dead sperm

24
Q

What are Sertoli cells

A

Companion cells that surround the dividing cells

25
Q

Where do sperm undergo further maturation after spermatogenesis

A

Epididymis

26
Q

Why do spermatozoa undergo decapacitation in the epididymis

A

To prevent spermatozoa undergoing the acrosome reaction before coming into contact with an oocyte (egg)

27
Q

Where are sperm stored

A

Vas deferens

28
Q

What happens in the vas deferens upon stimulation of the penis

A

Undergoes peristaltic contractions to propel sperm into urethra during intercourse for ejaculation

29
Q

What does the epididymis epithelium secrete and what is the function of this

A

Seminal fluid, enables spermatozoa to become increasingly motile/tail activation

30
Q

What controls spermatozoa decapacitation in the epididymis

A

Testosterone-ABP complexes and testosterone from the blood

31
Q

Describe the composition of semen

A

Sperm (10%) and seminal fluid (90%)

32
Q

What is the pH of seminal fluid

A

6.5

33
Q

What buffers seminal fluid

A

Phosphate and bicarbonate ions

34
Q

What percentage of semen volume is secreted by the seminal vesicles

A

60-70%

35
Q

What secretes fructose and why

A

Seminal vesicles, for sperm motility

36
Q

What secretes semenogelins and why

A

Seminal vesicles, and to induce semen coagulation after ejaculation so no sperm has advantage for fertilisation

37
Q

What percentage of semen volume is secreted by the prostate gland

A

20-30%

38
Q

What is PSA

A

prostate specific antigen that is a protease that liquefies coagulated sperm after a few minutes and can be used as an indicator of prostate health

39
Q

Where is PSA secreted from

A

Prostate gland

40
Q

What else does the prostate gland secrete and why

A

Citrate, zinc, spermine and acid phosphatase to form thin milky fluid

41
Q

What are the Bulbourethral glands/cowpeas glands

A

Peas sized gland embedded in urethral sphincter that emptied the penile urethra in response to sexual excitement/ prior to emission and ejaculation of semen

42
Q

How does the bulborethral gland prepare for ejaculation

A

Secretes mucus to lubricate, cleanse and buffer the urethra

43
Q

What is the average sperm count

A

60-100 x10^6 /ml of semen

44
Q

What is the average ejaculate volume

A

1.5-5 ml

45
Q

What three factors may mean someone is considered infertile

A
  • sperm count <20x10^6 /ml semen
  • less than 50% motile sperm
  • <60% normally conformed sperm
46
Q

What is internal insemination

A

Separation of vaginal wall and deposition of semen at the distal end of the vaginal lumen near the cervix by the penis

47
Q

Describe how erection is neurovascular event

A

During flaccid state blood flow to corpus cavernous is vasoconstricted (via helicine arteries), sexual arousal stimulated parasympathetic nerves innervate vascular muscle of HA to release nitric oxide, which activates cGMP, decreasing Ca2+ and causing vasodilation/relaxation enabling blood flood to CC/ erection

48
Q

What are the Leydig cells

A

Steriodogenic stromal cells that synthesis androgens

49
Q

What is DHT

A

Dihydrotestosterone, which is testosterone converted by 5alpha-reductase

50
Q

What is the function of DHT

A

Masculination of external genitalia in utero, puberty

51
Q

What is the function testosterone

A

Regulate Sertoli cell function, effects on fat metabolism and deposition of abdominal adipose tissue, promote bone growth and protein anabolism

NUT1005 (18 decks)

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