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NUT1005 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the basic structure of the female gonads

A

Ovary and uterine tube

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2
Q

What are the function of the gonads in females

A

Ovaries secrete large amount of oestrogen and small amounts of androgens
Production of gametes (oogenesis)

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3
Q

What is the ovary

A

Contains oocytes and releases 1 egg per month

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4
Q

What is the fimbriae

A

Connects ovary and fallopian tube, collects the released egg

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5
Q

What is the fallopian tube/ uterine tube/ oviduct

A

Tube that takes the oocyte towards the uterus, fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tube

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6
Q

What is the uterus

A

Where the fertilised egg implants

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7
Q

What is the endometrium

A

The uterus lining that grows in preparation for implanting and is lost as menstrual blood if implanting does not occur

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8
Q

What surrounds oocytes in the ovary

A

Primordial follicles

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9
Q

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle

A

Follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase

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10
Q

What is the ovarian cycle

A

The cycle that describes the maturation of oocytes and releases of androgens Production ovum

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11
Q

What is the duration of the follicular phase

A

Several months

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12
Q

What is the duration of ovulation

A

Few hours

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13
Q

What is the duration of the luteal phase

A

12-15 days

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14
Q

What happens during the follicular phase

A

Maturation of the follicles

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15
Q

What happens during ovulation

A

Release of an ovum from the ovary to the fallopian tube

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16
Q

What happens during the luteal phase

A

Formation of the corpus luteum

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17
Q

What other cycle does the ovarian cycle occur in line with

A

Uterine cycle

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18
Q

What are the three phases of the follicular phase

A

Pre antral phase, Antral phase, pre-ovulatory phase

19
Q

What happens during the pre antral phase

A
  • number of primordial follicles recruited to develop
  • paracrine factors stimulate growth
  • Antimullerian hormone limits number of follicles developing at the same time
    -develop into mature pre antral follicles
20
Q

What happens during the antral phase

A
  • Fluid filled atria appears, zona granulosa increases in layers, the a interna becomes more apparent and zona pellucida becomes thicker
  • Growth dependent on Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
    Dominant follicle is selected and becomes steriodgenic gland
  • Androgen production from cholesterol by Theca cells and conversion of androgen to oestrogen by granulosa cells
21
Q

What do theca cells catalyse

A

Androgen production from cholesterol

22
Q

Why can granulosa cells convert androgens to oestrogen

A

Contain aromatase

23
Q

What are the zona granulosa, zona pelluccida and theca interna

A

Layers of cells surrounding maturing oocyte

24
Q

What happens in the pre ovulatory phase

A
  • Dominant follicle responds to a surge in Luteinizing hormone (LH) by completing meiosis 1 and arresting in metaphase of meiosis 2
  • Haploid secondary oocyte and polar body produced
  • FSH increases
    LH receptor and enzyme are expressed in granulosa cells, leading to progesterone production
  • theca and granulosa cells release inflammatory cytokines and and hydrolytic enzymes
25
Q

What happens during ovulation

A
  • inflammatory event erodes the wall of ovary and follicle
  • oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiata are release into the peritoneal cavity before being captured by the oviduct
  • remnants of the follicle in the ovary form the corpus luteum
26
Q

What is the role of the corona radiata

A

Crucial for capture of oocyte by the fimbrae and movement in the oviduct

27
Q

What happens in the luteal phase

A
  • corpus luteum develops
  • granulosa cells fill with lipid
  • progesterone is produced
  • oestrogen; initially decreases but then rebounds
  • hormone levels change dependent on pregnancy or not
28
Q

Why does oestrogen initially decrease before it rebounds in the luteal phase

A

Due to the LH surge

29
Q

What is the difference in the luteal phase between pregnancy vs no pregnancy

A

No preganancy- the corpus luteum degenerates into a corpus albicans, oestrogen and progesterone fall and FSH and LH rise
Pregnancy- placenta releases chorionic gonadotropin which enables the corpus luteum to persist

30
Q

What are the important hypothalamic hormones in control of the ovarian cycle

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

31
Q

What is the function of Gonadotrophin releasing hormone in the ovarian cycle

A

Acts on pituitary gland, pulsatile release, high frequency = LH and low frequency= FSH

32
Q

What are the important pituitary hormones

A

Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH)

33
Q

What is the functions of FSH

A
  • stimulates immature follicle recruitment and growth
  • upregukatates aromatase activity and gene expression
  • induces expression of LH receptors in granulosa cells fill
  • prevents apoptosis of antral follicles
34
Q

Why is aromatase important

A

Conversion of androgen to oestrogen

35
Q

What is the functions of Luteinising hormone

A
  • Acts on theca cells in follicles to promote androgen production
  • LH surge triggers ovulation
  • Acts on granulosa cells to secrete progesterone
  • maintains corpus luteum
36
Q

What are the important ovarian hormones

A

Oestrogens, progesterone and inhibin A and B

37
Q

What are the three oestrogens involved in the ovarian cycle

A

Oestradiol, oestriol and oestrone

38
Q

What is the function of oestrogens in the ovarian cycle

A
  • prepares reproductive tract for fertilisation and pregnancy via growth of endometrium etc.
39
Q

What is the dominant hormone secreted in the follicular phase

A

Oestrogens

40
Q

What is the function of progesterone in the ovarian cycle

A
  • promotes uterine and uterine and tube secretions to maintain and support fertilisation and egg implantation
41
Q

What is the dominant hormone secreted in the luteal phase

A

Progesterone

42
Q

Which ovarian hormones are secreted by granulosa cells

A

Inhibin A and B

43
Q

What are the function of inhibin A and B

A

represses FSH secretion

44
Q

Describe the hormonal control of the ovarian cycle in the luteal phase

A
  • corpus luteum forms
  • high progesterone negatively feedback and blocks positive feedback of high oestrogen
  • so SH and LH levels drop
  • corpus luteum regresses
  • progesterone and oestrogen levels fall
  • negative feedback lifted and FSH rises

NUT1005 (18 decks)

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