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NUT1005 > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What physiological changes occur in pregnancy

A

Nutrient metabolism, maternal physiology and anatomy

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2
Q

Why do these physiological changes need to occur

A

Fetal growth and development, maintain maternal homeostasis and prepare for lactation

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3
Q

What impacts nutrient metabolism in the mother

A

Placental hormone secretion

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4
Q

What processes are involved in nutrient adjustment during pregnancy

A

Nutrient accretion in new tissue, nutrient deposition in maternal stores, nutrient redistribution among tissues and increased metabolic rate/turnover of nutrients

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5
Q

What 2 processes facilitate the nutrient adjustment during pregnancy

A

Increased nutrient absorption in the intestine and decreased nutrient excretion in the intestine and/or kidney

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6
Q

What drives nutrient adjustment

A

Hormones, placental transport (e.g. active transport of insulin), fetal demands and maternal nutrient supply

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7
Q

What is metabolic programming

A

The metabolic adaptation of the foetus to maximise adulthood (reproduction age) survival based on experience in the womb, even at the expense of later life conditions

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8
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum

A

Produces hormones to maintain the pregnancy and influence metabolism

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9
Q

What is they key hormone produced by the corpus luteum

A

Human chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)

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10
Q

How does hCG concentration change during pregnancy

A

Rapid rise just days after implantation, peaks at 13weeks and then decreases

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11
Q

What is the ‘first’ endocrine gland that supports early pregnancy

A

The corpus luteum

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12
Q

What hormone is produced in correlation with increasing placental mass

A

Human placental lactogen (hPL)

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13
Q

What is the function of hPL

A

Impacts carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

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14
Q

Which hormones increase progressively throughout pregnancy

A

Oestrogens and progesterone

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15
Q

What are the functions of oestrogens during pregnancy

A

Impacts mother, fetus and placenta by increasing level of binding hormones (increase in total hormone concentrations)

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16
Q

What initially produces progesterone

A

The corpus luteum

17
Q

What produces progesterone in later pregnancy

A

The placenta

18
Q

What is the function of progesterone

A

Relaxes smooth muscle e.g. GI tract, urinary tract

19
Q

What are the changes in fat metabolism during pregnancy

A

Increase in TG, phospholipids, glycerol, fatty acids and cholesterol

20
Q

Explain how vitamin and mineral number increases but concentration decreases during pregnancy

A

Increase in plasma volume by 800mL

21
Q

Which serum nutrient concentration decreases

A

Albumin

22
Q

Why does BMR increase during pregnancy

A

Complex changes in protein metabolism in both fetus and mother (growth of placenta and fetus)

23
Q

How is the increased energy demand met by the mother

A
  • changes in physical activity
  • increased food consumption
  • reduction in lipid synthesis and maternal fat storage in last trimester
24
Q

What are the two types of cells formed by placental trophoblasts

A

Synctiotrophoblasts and extravillous trophoblast

25
Q

What are the two main types of vascular remodelling during pregnancy

A

Main uterine arteries create vasodilators reserve and terminal spiral arteries direct blood to placenta

26
Q

What are syncytiotrophoblast cells

A

Multivillous, epithelial membranous structure that secretes hormones and growth factors (IGF, EGF etc.)

27
Q

What are extravillous trophoblast cells

A

Cells that invade uterine wall into lumen of endometrial blood vessels and invades interstitial tissue surrounding endometrial blood vessels

28
Q

What are the adaptations to the mother cardiovascular physiology

A

Increased HR, SV and blood volume, decreased vascular resistance and anti-coagulant changes

29
Q

What are the changes to the mothers respiratory physiology

A

Changes to thoracic wall and ribcage expansion during pregnancy so decreased total lung capacity, tidal volume increases and functional residual capacity decreases

30
Q

How does progesterone impact the respiratory physiology during pregnancy

A

Increases o2 consumption/ binding to haemoglobin

31
Q

What are the gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy

A

Relaxation of oesophagus, displacement of stomach, slower and heavier digestion and cravings

32
Q

What are the microbiomic and immune changes during pregnancy

A

Types of micro bacteria in gut changes during pregnancy and the types of WBC in the body change

33
Q

What are the changes in insulin sensitivity throughout pregnancy to promote fetal growth

A

Increased insulin sensitivity in early pregnancy and decreased insulin sensitivity in late pregnancy

NUT1005 (18 decks)

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