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NUT1005 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation measured in

A

Litres/ minute

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2
Q

What is minute ventilation (VE)

A

The volume of air brought into and out of the lungs per minute

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3
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation

A

Volume of air moved per breath x number of breaths per minute

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4
Q

What is spirometry

A

A method used to monitor the amount of and/ or speed of movement of air that can be inhaled and exhaled

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5
Q

What tidal volume

A

Volume of air moved per breath

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6
Q

What is the conducting zone

A

The anatomic dead space where air does not reach the alveoli so no gas exchange occurs here

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7
Q

What is the average volume of air in the conducting zone

A

150-200ml or about 30% of tidal volume

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8
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

The amount of air reaching the alveoli

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9
Q

What makes up the conducting zone

A

Trachea, primary bronchus, bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles

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10
Q

What makes up the respiratory zone

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

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11
Q

Why does total minute ventilation not equate to alveolar ventilation

A

As not all the air we breath in reaches the alveoli, some remains in the conducting zone

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12
Q

How is alveolar ventilation calculated per breath

A

Tidal volume- conducting zone volume

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13
Q

How is alveolar ventilation calculated per minute

A

Minute ventilation- minute dead space ventilation

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14
Q

What happens to alveolar ventilation during shallow breathing

A

Decreases as air enters and leave conducting zone without reaching respiratory zone

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15
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

The volume of air brought into the lung after normal inspiration

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16
Q

How is IRV measured

A

1) inhale normally
2) inhale as deeply as possible
3) difference in volume= IRV

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17
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

The volume of air brought out of the lung after normal expiration

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18
Q

How is ERV measured

A

1) Exhale normally
2) exhale as much as possible
3) difference= ERV

19
Q

What is forced vital capacity

A

Maximum air expired after maximum inspiration

20
Q

What is the residual lung volume

A

The volume of air in the lungs after max expiration

21
Q

Why is residual lung volume important

A

Key for continuous gas exchange as if this did not exist the alveoli would collapse

22
Q

What are the dynamic lung volumes

A

Dynamic ventilation and airflow velocity

23
Q

What is dynamic ventilation

A

Ventilation constrained by time

24
Q

What does dynamic ventilation depend on

A

Maximum lung volume (FVC), airflow velocity

25
Q

What is airflow velocity

A

The speed of moving a volume of air

26
Q

What does airflow velocity depend on

A

Resistance of respiratory passage and compliance if the chest and lung tissue

27
Q

What is airflow directly proportional too

A

Pressure gradient

28
Q

What is airflow inversely proportional to

A

Airway resistance

29
Q

What are obstructive pulmonary disorders

A

A disorder that obstructs airways so resistance is increased and airflow limited

30
Q

What are restrictive pulmonary disorders

A

Disorders that restrict the compliance of the chest wall, limiting airflow

31
Q

What is FEV1

A

Forced expiratory volume in one second after max inhale

32
Q

What is maximum voluntary ventilation

A

The amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in one minute (a measure of dynamic lung volume)

33
Q

How is maximum voluntary ventilation measured

A

1) breathe as quickly and deeply as possible for 15 seconds
2) extrapolated to one minute

34
Q

Why does pulmonary minute ventilation increase during exercise

A

Increase in tidal volume and breath frequency

35
Q

Does tidal volume limit FVC in healthy individuals and why

A

No as tidal volume is only around 50-60% of FVC so other factors must be limiting

36
Q

How does ventilation increase during exercise

A

Diaphragm descends more and lung volume increases more due to more frequent and forceful contractions,
larger pressure gradient, airways dilate so decreased airway resistance so faster airflow

37
Q

Why does gas exchange increase during exericse

A

Increased cardiac output to lungs, muscles use more oxygen and produce more CO2 during exercise so lower PO2 and higher PCO2 so higher pressure gradient

38
Q

What is the transit time

A

The length of time a RBC remains within a pulmonary capillary

39
Q

Why is a shorter transit time during exercise not a limiting factor of exercise capacity

A

As there is still enough time for gases to equilibrate between the alveoli and blood

40
Q

What is the feedforward mechanism that causes ventilation to increase during exercise

A

Neural outflow from the brain in anticipation of exercise

41
Q

Describe how neural outflow from the brain in anticipation of exercise causes an increase in ventilation

A

Exercise initiation stimulates respiratory neurons in the medulla to initiate an increase in ventilation abruptly

42
Q

What are the feedback mechanisms that cause an increase in ventilation during exercise

A

Chemoreceptors detect partial pressure of gases and pH in blood, sensory input from sensory receptors (proprioceptors) in joints, tendons and muscles and stretch receptors in the airways

43
Q

What mechanism causes the initial rapid increase of ventilation at the start of exercise

A

Feedforward mechanism via central command

44
Q

What causes the continued increase in ventilation as exercise continues

A

Combined feedforward and feedback mechanisms

NUT1005 (18 decks)

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