Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NUT1005 > The Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

The Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 key processes in digestion

A

Mechanical digestion, chemical digestion and microbial digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the mechanical digestion

A

Digestion via mastication and muscular movements from mouth to anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Hydrolysis by enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is microbial digestion

A

Digestion via enzyme produced by gut microorganisms in colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the gross structure of the GI tract

A
  • muscular tube with central lumen, with 4 major layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 major layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa, submuscisa, muscularis externa and serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Mucosa layer

A

Epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the submucosa

A

Connective tissue beneath mucosa containing large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and exocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the muscularis externa

A

Layer beneath submucosa that is dominated by smooth muscle in two layers (circular layer and longitudinal layer) involved in mechanical processing of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the serosa

A

Layer of visceral peritoneum that covers muscularis externa, dense network of collagen fibres that firmly attaches digestive tract to adjacent structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many pairs of salivary glands are there in the mouth

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What regulate saliva production in the mouth

A

Acetylcholine secretion/ parasympathetic stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What enzymes are secreted by the salivary glands

A

Salivary alpha amylase and lingual lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which salivary gland secretes salivary alpha amylase

A

Parotid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which salivary gland secretes lingual lipase

A

Von ebners gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What regulates the passage of food in the oesophagus

A

Epiglottis and cardiac sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is peristalsis important in the oesophagus

A

Ensures one way movement of food from mouth to stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do chief cells secrete in the stomach

A

Gastric lipase and pepsinogen (zymogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do parietal cells secrete in the stomach

A

Hydrogen and chloride ions (gastric acid as passively followed by water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What regulates gastric acid secretion in the stomach

A

Histamine, gastrin and acetylcholine (from vagus nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the gastric pit

A

Invagination in the stomach where specialised cells are located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the specialised cells in the stomach

A

Parietal cells, chief cells and G cells

24
Q

How is pepsinogen activated (into pepsin)

A

HCL secreted by parietal cells cleaves pepsinogen secreted by chief cells to pepsin (active form)

25
What are the digestive accessory organs
The Liver and pancreas
26
What stimulates the secretion of bile (liver) and pancreatic digestive enzymes (pancreas)
CCK and secretin
27
What is the key function of the liver in digestion
Synthesis of bile salts from cholesterol
28
What is the function of the gall bladder
Storage of bile acids
29
What stimulates the release of CCK
Food entering the duodenum
30
What two cells types are in the pancreas
Exocrine (enzymes) and endocrine (hormones)
31
What are the cells in the pancreas that secrete digestive enzymes
Acinar cells
32
What are the crypts of lieberkuhn
Intestinal crypts at base of villi in the small intestine
33
What are CBC stem cells
Stem cells located at base of villi (crypts of lieberkuhn) that differentiate into specialised epithelial cells
34
What are paneth cells
Specialised epithelial cells at base of villi that have immune function
35
What are enterocytes
Specialised epithelial cells
36
What are enteroendocrine cells
Specialised epithelial cells that secrete hormones
37
What are goblet cells
Specialised epithelial cells that secrete mucus
38
What are tuft cells
Specialised epithelial cells with immune function
39
What is the hepatic portal vein
Transports blood from GI tract, pancreas, gallbladder and spleen to liver to supply metabolic substrates and for detoxification of ingested toxins
40
What is the caecum
Small pouch on the right side of ascending colon that is a reservoir for chyme
41
What is the appendix
Tube like structure connected to caecum that is a reservoir for beneficial gut bacteria to repopulate gut flora and immune system
42
What is the Ilecocaecal valve
Valve separating small and large intestine
43
What are the three main components of the large intestine
Ascending, transverse and descending colon
44
What are the three components of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
45
What is the function of the large intestine
Microbial digestion of nutrients not digested and absorbed in the small intestine ( e.g. dietary fibre)
46
What is the symbiotic relationship in the large intestine
We provide environment for growth and nutrients and gut microorganism facilitate digestion of beta bonds
47
What is the rectum
Long chamber at the end of the descending colon that descending colon does
48
What stimulates defaecation
Entry of stool into rectum
49
What is the anus
Anal sphincter regulates stool leaving the body (egestion)
50
What does the central core of chylomicrons contain
Triacylglycerides and cholesterol esters
51
What does the outer membrane of chylomicrons contain
Phospholipid monolayer, free (unesterified) cholesterol and apoproteins
52
How are lipids absorbed in the small intestine
- bile salts from liver coat fat droplets and emulsify them - pancreatic lipase and co-lipase break down fats into monoglycerides and FA stored in micelles -monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles and diffuse into epithelial cells, cholesterol is transported into cells - absorbed fats reassemble and combine with cholesterol and protein in chylomicrons - chylomicrons are removed by the lymphatic system
53
What is the difference between the apical and basolateral membrane the epithelial cells of the small intestine
Apical- facing lumen of small intestine Basolateral- facing hepatic portal vein
54
How is glucose absorbed in the small intestine
-Na+ bind to SGLUT1 (sodium dependent glucose transporter) on apical membrane enabling glucose/galactose to bind and be cotransported into the entereocyte - Glucose is transported out of cell to hepatic portal vein by GLUT2 -Sodium potassium pump actively transports Na+ out of cell by exchange with k+ (energy dependent)
55
Why is fructose absorption not energy dependent
sodium independent GLUT5 transported transports fructose into cell instead of SGLUT1 so Na+/K+ pump not need
56
How are amino acids absorbed in the small intestine
Na+ dependent AA transporter on apical membrane co transports AA with Na+ into cell X Na+/K+ pump maintains Na+ concentration gradient (energy dependent) Facillitative AA transfer on basolateral membrane transports AA to hepatic portal vein
57
How are di and tripeptides absorbed in the small intestine
- Hydrogen-dependent di- and tri-peptide transporter (PepT1) on apical membrane cotransports - energy dependent as Na+/ H+ pump (apical membrane) removes H+ from cell and then Na+/K+ pump (requires ATP) actively transports Na+ out of cell (basolateral membrane) - Intracellular peptidases hydrolyse do and tripeptides → amino acids -Facilitative amino acid transporter on basolateral membrane, AA enter hepatic portal vein

NUT1005 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions