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NUT1005 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the immune system

A

Protect, recognise self/ non self , attack and destroy

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2
Q

What are the 2 main arms of the immune system

A

Innate and acquired arms

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3
Q

What is the innate arm of the immune system

A

Natural immunity that we are born with and is the same in everyone

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4
Q

What is the acquired arm of the immune system

A

Immunity recruited over a lifetime that is different between individuals due to different exposures

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5
Q

Which arm of the immune system has a non-specific immune response (attacks the same way every time)

A

Innate immunity

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6
Q

Which arm of the immune system has a pathogen and antigen specific response

A

Acquired immunity

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7
Q

Which arm of the immune system has a lag time between exposure and maximal response

A

Acquired immunity

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8
Q

Which arm of the immune system has no immunological memory

A

The innate arm

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9
Q

Which arm of the immune system is only found in jawed vertebrates

A

Acquired

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10
Q

Which arm of the immune system leads to immunological memory

A

Acquired arm

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11
Q

Why might the innate arm activate the acquired arm of the immune system

A

As innate response may not be specific enough to overcome infection alone

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12
Q

What are the 2 categories of leukocytes (WBC)

A

Granuocytes and agranulocytes

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13
Q

What is the difference between agranulocytes and granulocytes

A

Granulocytes has granules in their cytoplasm, agranulocytes do not

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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16
Q

What is the main function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis

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17
Q

What % of leukocytes are granulocytes

A

60-70%

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18
Q

What % of granulocytes are neutrophils

A

> 90%

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19
Q

What are the 3 main cells of the innate immune system

A

Neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, natural killer cells

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20
Q

What percentage of all leukocytes are neutrophils

A

50-70%

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21
Q

Where are neutrophils found

A

Mostly in bone marrow, some in circulation and vascular pools

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22
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils in blood

A

5-6 days

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23
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophils in tissue

A

2-3 days

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24
Q

Which type of innate immune cell is polymorphonuclear/PMNS (nucleus has multiple lifes)

A

Neutrophils

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25
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

The process of ingestion of bacteria, virus or cell debris

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26
Q

Where does phagocytosis occur

A

In tissues

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27
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Neutrophil moves to antigen, open up and engulfs in vacuole

28
Q

Describe the killing process following phagocytosis

A

Granules move to and fuse with vacuole containing antigen/pathogen etc
Degranulation as granules release contents to degrade antigens
respiratory burst
Products of degradation are released as vacuole opens back up
Neutrophils then degrade themselves

29
Q

What are monocytes/macrophages

A

Agranulocytes that express pattern recognition receptors (PRR) called Toll-like receptors (TLR) which recognise pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

30
Q

What activates monocytes/macrophages

A

Binding to TLR (Toll-like receptors)

31
Q

What are the functions of monocytes/macrophages

A

Phagocytosis, release of messenger substances (cytokines) to communicate with other cells, APC (antigen presenting cells) for communication with acquired arm

32
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages

A

Monocytes are agranulocytes that circulate the blood and macrophages are agranulocytes once in the tissue (change shape between locations)

33
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

Large granular lymphocytes that are intracellular killing cells that destroy a variety of tumour and virus infected cells without the need to recognise the foreign matter to attack

34
Q

How to natural killer cells destroy infected cells

A

Bind to surface of infected cells without and release performing which activates apoptosis (cell suicide)

35
Q

What are the 2 main cells of the acquired immune system

A

T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes

36
Q

How does the innate arm communicate with the acquired arm of the immune system

A

Via antigen presenting cells e.g. macrophages/monocytes that display the invading antigen to the acquired arm to activate it

37
Q

How to APC display antigens

A

By incorporating the antigen protein into their cell surface and forming a major histocompatibility complex (MCH) II

38
Q

Which type of lymphocyte mature in the thymus

A

T-cells

39
Q

Which type of lymphocyte are part of the humoral (extracellular) response

A

B cells

40
Q

Where do B cells mature

A

Bone marrow

41
Q

Which type of lymphocyte produce memory cells

A

Both T and B- cells

42
Q

Which type of lymphocyte makes up the majority of lymphocytes (60-70%)

A

T-cells

43
Q

Which type of lymphocyte has a cell-mediated (intracellular) response

A

T-cells

44
Q

What are the 3 subsets of T-cells

A

T-helper, T-cytotoxic and T-regulatory

45
Q

What is the function of the T helper subset

A

Orchestrates and coordinates the immune response by meeting APC and recognising the displayed antigen

46
Q

What is the function of the T cytotoxic subset

A

Binds to and kills antigen specific infected cells by releasing perfornin

47
Q

What is the function of the T regulatory subset

A

Help to regulate/ switch off the immune response to avoid chronic inflammation (damage to healthy tissue post immune response)

48
Q

What are the two different responses of T-cells

A

Type 1 (TH1) and Type 2 T-cells (TH2)

49
Q

What if the functional difference between Type 1 and 2 T cells

A

Release different types of cytokines

50
Q

What does Type 1 T cells promote

A

Cell-mediated immunity (defence against intracellular pathogens)

51
Q

What does Type 2 T cells promote

A

Humoral (antibody) immunity (defence against extracellular pathogens)

52
Q

What are the 2 types cells produced by B-cells

A

Plasma cells and memory cells

53
Q

How are T-cells indirectly involved in the humoral response

A

T-cells cannot affect pathogens that can survive outside of the cell so instead are part of the initial process by signalling a humoral response is needed

54
Q

What are plasma cells

A

Cells that secrete immunoglobulin/antibody specific to an antigen

55
Q

What are the function of immunoglobins/antibodies

A

Cannot directly kill the antigen but binding to it to prevent it binding elsewhere and causing further damage
Can also signal to other cells to come and kill or agglutinate to slow cell

56
Q

What are the 2 response of the acquired immune system

A

Cell mediated and humoral

57
Q

What is leukocytosis

A

Increase in the number of leukocytes circulating blood

58
Q

Which types of leukocytes predominantly increase during leukocytosis

A

Neutrophils and lymphocytes

59
Q

What is leukocytosis a response to

A

Exercise

60
Q

What is leukocytosis dependent on during brief exercise (<1 hour)

A

Intensity

61
Q

What is delayed leukocytosis

A

A second increase following exercise 2-4 hours later

62
Q

Why is the leukocytosis produced by prolonged endurance exercise greater than short term exercise

A

As delayed leukocytosis occurs whilst exercise is still being performed (super imposed response)

63
Q

What is the difference between leukocytosis and delayed leukocytosis

A

Delayed is solely due to an increase in neutrophil number

64
Q

How can inadequate nutrition directly affect immune function

A

Altered nutritent availability / co enzyme/ cofactors involved in immune cell energy, metabolism and protein synthesis

65
Q

How does inadequate nutrition indirectly affect immune function

A

Altered hormone response/ immune regulatory effects of stress hormones

66
Q

What can cause low grade chronic inflammation (leading to non communicable diseases)

A

Positive energy balance

NUT1005 (18 decks)

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