The Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- Support soft tissues and provide attachment for tendons of the skeletal muscles
- Protect important internal organs
- Assist in movement
- Mineral homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus
- blood cell production
Triglyceride (fat) storage
Shaft and composed of compact bone
Diaphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of spongy bone
Contains red marrow
Epiphysis
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
Medullary Cavity
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Made of hyaline cartilage
Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Articular Cartilage
Does the Axial or Appendicular Skeleton include the skull, hyoid apparatus, auditory bones, vertebral column, ribs and sternum appendicular?
Axial
Does the Axial or Appendicular Skeleton include the Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
Appendicular
Remove mineralized and organic bone matrix through a process called resorption
Osteocytes
Degrade bone to initiate normal bone remodeling and mediate bone loss in pathological conditions
Osteoclasts
Synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton
Osteoblasts
Support, protection and movement
Compact Bone
Provides balance to the dense and heavy compact bone by making bones lighter so that muscles can move them more easily
Spongy bone
Would you find compact bone or spongy bone on the interior of the bone?
Spongy Bone
Covers the bone, has many sensory nerve endings
Periosteum
Longer than they are wide
Long bone
Small cubes or marshmallows
Short bone
Thin and flat
Flat bone
“Miscellaneous” or do not fit into any of the other categories
Irregular bone
Shaped like sesame seeds
Sesamoid bone
Where are long bones found?
Arms, legs, bones of the wrist and ankle
Where are short bones found?
Wrist and ankle
Where are flat bones found?
Skull, ilium, sternum and rib cage
Where are irregular bones found?
Vertebrae and some bones in the skull
Where are sesamoid bones found?
Hind limbs and fore limbs
What is the biggest sesamoid bone in the body?
The Patella
How many cervical vertebrae does an elephant have?
Seven
How many cervical vertebrae does a mouse have?
Seven
How many cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal vertebrae does a Pig have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 14-15
Lumbar: 6-7
Sacral: 4
Caudal: 20-23
How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae does a horse have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 18
Lumbar: 6
Sacral: 5
Caudal: 15-20
How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae does a cow have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 6
Sacral: 5
Caudal: 18-20
How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal Vertebrae does a Goat have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 7
Sacral: 4
Caudal: 12
How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal Vertebrae does a Sheep have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 6-7
Sacral: 4
Caudal: 16-18
How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal vertebrae does a dog/cat have?
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 7
Sacral: 3
Caudal: 20-23
Parts of a dogs skull
Incisive
Nasal
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Palatine
Frontal
Zygomatic
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Mandible
Parts of a cats skull
Interparietal
Occipital
Temporal
Palatine
Zygomatic
Dentary
Parietal
Sphenoid
Frontal
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Nasal
Premaxilla
Parts of a cows skull
Mental foramen
Incisive b
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Nasal b
Lacrimal b
Zygomatic b
Zygomatic arch
Frontal b
Nuchal crest
Parietal b
Temporal b
Occipital b
Atlas
Palatine b
Mandible
Parts of a horse skull
Incisive
Maxilla
Nasal
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Mandible
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
What are joints?
The junctions between bones
When is the prefix arthro used?
When referring to joints
Looking inside a joint with a endoscope
Arthroscopy
Fusing a joint to make it immovable
Arthrodesis
What is the term articular used for?
To describe the end of the bones where they come together
What does the articular surface of bones have?
A thin layer of of hyaline cartilage covering a thin layer of compact bone that covers cancellous bone
Strong connective tissues bands that help hold the joints together
Ligaments
Fibrous bones
Bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue
Cartilaginous
Bones are United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Synovial
Bone ends are contained in a synovial cavity
A thin layer of dense connective tissue bonds the bones together. These may ossify (become bone) as the animal ages. The bones of the skull are this type of joint.
Suture
Dense irregular connective tissue usually a ligament. The tibiofibular joint is an example.
Syndesmosis
Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue. Examples include the radius, ulna, tibia, tibia, the splints and cannon one of the horse
Interosseous membrane
Initial connection is by a hyaline cartilage but becomes a synostosis (bony joint) when bone growth ceases
Synchondrosis
Bone ends are covered by hyaline cartilage but joined by fibrocartilage. All are on the midline.
Symphysis
All synovial joints have…
Synovial cavity
Joint capsule
Articular cartilage
Synovial joints may have…
Ligaments
Menisci (discs)
Bursa
What is Bursa, where is it located and what is its function?
Bursa is a fluid filled sac. They are located where muscles and tendons move over bony joint areas. Their function is to reduce friction caused by muscles and tendons moving against skin and bones, as well as to facilitate movement
Synovial joints are diarthrosis, What does Diarthrosis mean?
Freely moveable
Decrease the angle between articulating bones
Flexion
Increase the angle between articulating bones
Extension
Extension beyond normal anatomical position
Hyperextension
Movement away from midline
Abduction
Movement toward the midline
Adduction
Twisting movement of a part on its axis
Rotation
Flexion, abduction, extension, adduction, and rotation in succession (or reverse) distal end of body part moves in a circle
Circumduction
Cranial movement in the transverse plane (Humans)
Protraction
Caudal movement in the transverse plane (humans)
Retraction
Movement of forelimb that turns palm cranial (humans)
Supination
Movement of forelimb that turns palm Caudal (humans)
Pronation
The term used to describe the motion of a joint
Axial
___joints only move in a single plane. The elbow joint is an example it will only flex and extend
Uniaxial
____Joints allow for motion within two planes, an example would be the metacarpophalangeal joint in some animals such as dogs and cats where they can flex and extend the joint but also spread the toes
Biaxial
____joints can move in 3 planes. The hip is an example of a triaxial joint in animals
Triaxial
Left or right?
If we’re looking at an animal dead in the side is opposite, their right is their left and their left is their right
What are the five functions of bones?
Support
Protection
Leverage
Storage
Blood cell formation
How does the bones support? (function)
Spinal processes support the cranium
How does the bones protect? (Function)
Ribs protect the lungs and the heart, spinal processes protect the spinal cord
How do bones leverage?
Attached to muscles, bones allow for us to walk, jump and run
How do bones store (storage)?
We store calcium, various minerals and blood
Blood cell formation
Hematopoietic tissue in one marrow produces new blood
If an animal or human breaks a large bone can they bleed to death and why?
They do have the potential to bleed to death because of that significant blood cell formation
Types of bones (5 types)
Flat bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Long bones
Other
Is the scapula a short bone?
Yes
Called the shoulder blade on humans. Called the ___ in dogs, cats, horses and cows
Scapula
True or False… a lot of the bones that make up the cranium/the skull itself are also flat bones
True, a lot of the bones that make up the cranium/the skull itself are also flat bones
Make up the Carpus and the Tarsus, they are the bones within the carpal joint and within the tarsal joint
Short bones
Spinal vertebrae, the patella, the fibula and the navicular bone
Irregular bones
Found where a tendon passes over a joint and they prevent the tendon from flattening and sticking to the joint
Sesamoid bones
Types of _____ include a Demi and radius bones
Long bones
Bone in the “other” category
Os Penis
Ends of the bone (long bone) ?
Epiphsis
Shank of the bone (long bone) ?
Diaphysis
Cartilage that sits along the joint surface (long bones)
Articular cartilage
Other structures of a long bone
Spongy bone (also called cancellous bones)
Epiphyseal playe
Red marrow cavities
Compact bone
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Periosteum
A growth plate
Epiphyseal Plate
Looks like a sponge and is made up of tiny spicules of bone
Spongy bone
Found in the little spaces between the spicules, helps reduce the weight of the bone without impeding function
Red marrow cavities
A lot heavier and a lot more densely packed
Compact bone
Contains the yellow marrow
Medullary cavity
Makes up most of the cartilage
Hyaline
Found in ears and epiglottis
Elastic
Needs to take a lot of pressure, located between the vertebrae of the spine
Fibrocartilage
Head, Torso, Spine, Rib cage and skull
Axial
Appendages and Limbs
Appendicular
What makes up bone?
Nervous tissue
Connective tissue
Cartilage
Blood vessels
Protein and minerals
Bones…
Allow us to be physical
Support and protection
Provide mineral storage
Provide fat storage
Hormone production
Blood cell formation
Hollow bones in birds that are connected to their respiratory system. They contain air sacs and this helps birds in flight
Pneumatized bones
A fusion of certain vertebrae in the pelvic region (birds)
Synsacrum
