Nervous System Flashcards
Made up of brain and spinal cord
Acts as bodies control center
Central nervous system
Made up of all the nerves that carry messages to and from the CNS
CNS and ____work together to make rapid changes in your body in response to stimuli
Peripheral nervous system
Relay information between skin, skeletal muscles, and CNS
You consciously control this pathway by deciding whether or not to move muscles
Somatic nervous system
Automatic response to stimulus
Reflexes
Relay information from CNS to organs
Autonomic nervous system
You don’t consciously control these
Involuntary
-The basic unit of structure and function in the nervous system
-Cells that conduct impulses
-Made up of dendrites, cell body and axon
Neurons
Controls in times of stress, such as the fight or flight response
Sympathetic nervous system
Controls body in times of rest
Parasympathetic nervous system
Branch-like extensions that receive impulses and carry them toward cell body
Dendrites
Single extension of the neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body
Axon
What are the three types of neurons
Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons
Found within brain and spinal cord, process incoming impulses and pass them onto motor neurons
Interneurons
Carry impulses from inside and outside the body to brain and spinal cord
Sensory neurons
Carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord
Motor neurons
How is an impulse transmitted?
-Stimulus excites sensory neurons
-Depolarization (a change in charge due to sodium ions) creates a wave of changing charges down the axon
-Impulse moves across a synapse (tiny space between one neurons axon and another dendrite) with the help of neurotransmitters
What are the 3 main sections of the brain?
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
2 Hemispheres called the right and left cerebral hemispheres
Controls memory, intelligence, muscles, activities and language
Wrinkled with countless folds and grooves and covered with an outer layer of gray matter called the cerebral cortex
Divided into 4 lobes
The biggest part of the brain
Top part of the brain
Cerebrum
Controls balance, posture, and coordination
Muscle coordination is developed here as well as the memory of physical skills
If the Cerebellum is injured, your movements become jerky
When you see an amazing athlete perform, you are watching a well-trained ____ at work
Cerebellum
Controls involuntary activities such as breathing
Made up of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Medulla oblongata controls involuntary activities such as heart rate and breathing
Pons and midbrain act as pathways connecting various ports of the brain with each other
Sometimes called the reptilian brain, because it resembles the entire brain of a reptile
Brainstem
What are the 3 smaller parts of the brain stem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Name for the Forebrain
Porsencephalon
Name for the Midbrain
Mesencephalon
Name for the Hindbrain
Rhombencephalon
The forebrain becomes the ____
Cerebrum
The midbrain stays the
Midbrain
The hindbrain becomes these three things
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
What are the 2 types of structures pf the Peripheral nervous system
Nerves
Ganglion (singular) or Ganglia (Plural)
What is Ganglia/Ganglion
Lumps that are attached to nerves and they contain the somas of neurons
Carry information in to the central nervous system
Afferent neurons
Carry information away from the central nervous system
Efferent neurons
Nerves that exit the skull or cranium
Cranial nerves
Come out of the spinal cord and pass through the spine on their way between the CNS and the periphery
Spinal nerves
Another name for a nerve
Typically laid out end to end
Neuron
Three main parts of a neuron
Dendrite
Soma
Schwann cells
AKA, Cell Body, it contains all of the organelles including the mitochondria, ER and lots of Ribosomes. It organizes all of the signals.
Soma
Make myelin which prevents the signal from degrading and allows the signal to travel faster than it would without the violet present
Schwann Cells
Spaces between the Schwann cells
Nodes of the Ranvier
Sends the signal
Presynaptic neuron
Receives the signal and carries it on
Postsynaptic neuron
Transmit the signal through the nervous system (NT’s)
Neurotransmitters
What are some types of Neurotransmitters?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Another term for separation of charge. Measures how much charge seperation is present
Resting Potential
very high inside the cell and very low outside the cell
Potassium
Very high outside the cell and very low inside the cell
Sodium
Both ___ and ___ feel an electrical charge attracting these positively charged ions towards the negative inside of the cell and they each feel a concentration force where they’re being pushed from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration
Potassium and Sodium
is pushed out by it’s concentration force but pushed in by it’s electrical force because it’s attracted to the negative inside of the cell
Potassium
feels an inward electrical force attracted to the negative inside of the cell and an inward concentration force because it has a higher concentration outside than inside
Sodium
Serves as a passage way between the brainstem and the cerebrum
Diencephalon
Separates the Cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal fissures
Receive information from the olfactory (sense of smell) nerves, then send the impulses to the cerebrum via the olfactory tracts
Olfactory bulbs
The hills or ridges on the surface of the Cerebrum
Gyril
The shallow depressions in the surface of the Cerebrum between the gyri
Sulci
Made up of nerve fibers that connect right and left cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
The only extremely visible part of the Diencephalon
Pituitary gland
A relay station for regulating sensory inputs to the cerebrum
Thalmus
A bridge between the nervous systems and endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Contains most of the neuron cell bodies and it is where many nerve impulses are initiated. Gray matter appears brownish-gray grossly.
Gray Matter
Consists mainly of myelinated nerve fibers–it is the “wiring” that carries impulses in and out of the gray matter. The myelin sheath that covers the nerve fibers gives white matter a very pale whitish color grossly
White Matter
