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Anatomy Year 1 > The shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand joints > Flashcards

The shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand joints Flashcards

Review of features of the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand joints

1
Q

What are the limiting factors for the movement of the elbow?

A

Soft tissue apposition in the anterior forearm + upper arm. Coronoid process contacting coronoid fossa + radial head contacting radial fossa. Tension in posterior capsule. Tension in triceps

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2
Q

What is the carrying angle?

A

The natural bend at the elbow; is larger in females b/c of hips

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3
Q

What is cubitus varus and valgus?

A

Varus means that carrying angle is <5 degrees, valgus means that carrying angle is >15 degrees

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4
Q

How is the joint congruency poor?

A

Lateral side of the elbow is not well designed to resists traction, leading to “pulled elbow” in children

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5
Q

What articulations are involved in the cubital joint?

A

Trocheal notch of ulna with the the trochlea of humerus. Head of radius with capitulum of humerus.

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6
Q

What articulation is involved in the superior radioulnar joint?

A

Radial head + fibrous osseous ring formed by concave radial notch and annular ligament

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7
Q

What is the annular radial ligament?

A

Ligament which forms a collar around the superior radioulnar joint; lined with a synovial membrane

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8
Q

What is the ulnar collateral ligament?

A

On the medial side; origins from medial epicondyle and attaches to coronoid process + olecranon of ulna

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9
Q

What is the radial collateral ligament?

A

On the lateral side; origins from lateral epicondyle and blends with annular ligament

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10
Q

What is the function of interosseous membrane?

A

Provides attachment site for muscles; transfers forces from radius to ulna. Posterior and anterior fibres run at 90 degrees to each other

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11
Q

What are the articulations of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Clavicle with the manubrium of the sternum

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12
Q

What increases the congruency of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

The intra-articular disc; binds at top and bottom

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13
Q

What ligaments are involved in the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Interclavicular, anterior + posterior sternoclavicular, costoclavicular

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14
Q

Which ligament spans the gap between the sternal ends of the clavicle, and how does it reinforce the joint capsule?

A

Interclavicular; reinforces superiorly

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15
Q

Which ligament reinforces the sternoclavicular joint capsule anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

The anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments

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16
Q

Which ligament extends from the first rib to the clavicle, and what is the function of this ligament?

A

Costoclavicular; acts as falcrum for clavicle elevation and depression; axis of rotation during protraction and retraction

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17
Q

Which articulations are involved in the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Lateral end of clavicle with the acromion of the scapula

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18
Q

Which ligaments are involved in the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular (conoid and trapezoid)

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19
Q

Which ligament of the acromioclavicular joint is intrinsic?

A

The acromioclavicular

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20
Q

Which ligament of the acromioclavicular joint is extrinsic?

A

The coracoclavicular

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21
Q

Where does the acromioclavicular ligament extend from and to, and how does it reinforce the joint capsule?

A

Extends horizontally from acromion to lateral clavicle; reinforces superiorly

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22
Q

Which ligament extends vertically from coracoid process of scapula to conoid tubercle of clavicle?

A

Conoid ligament

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23
Q

Where does the trapezium ligament extend to and from?

A

Extends from coracoid process of scapula to trapezoid line of clavicle

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24
Q

What articulations are involved in the glenohumeral joint?

A

The head of humerus with the glenoid fossa of scapula

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25
Q

What improves the congruency of the glenohumeral joint, and why?

A

The glenoid labrum; deepens fossa as humerus so much larger

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26
Q

Which ligaments are involved in the GHJ?

A

Glenohumeral ligaments (superior, medial, inferior), coracohumeral, transverse humeral

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27
Q

Where do the glenohumeral ligaments extend to and from?

A

Extend from humerus to glenoid fossa

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28
Q

Where does the coracohumeral ligament extend to and from?

A

Attaches base of coracoid process to greater tubercle of humerus

29
Q

Where does the transverse humeral ligament extend to and from?

A

Spans the two tubercles of the humerus

30
Q

What is the scapulothoracic articulation?

A

Only bony attachment attaching upper limb to axial skeleton; fulfils function of joints but has no joint capsule

31
Q

What is the vital bursa of the shoulder?

A

Subacromial/sub deltoid bursa; in 90% of people, exists as one big

32
Q

What is the subacromial articulation?

A

A pseudo-joint, where the bone articulated against another restraining surface

33
Q

What is the major group of structures which stabilises the GHJ?

A

The rotator cuff

34
Q

Name the muscles of the rotator group

A

SITS: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (+Biceps LH)

35
Q

What is the intra-articular pressure of the GHJ?

A

Negative pressure, sucks in humeral head; one capsule is injured or joint dislocated, pressure is lost forever

36
Q

What articulations are involved in the radiocarpal joint?

A

Distal surface of radius with scaphoid, lunate + triquetral

37
Q

What is the function of the triangular fibrocartilage complex?

A

Allows better load absorption; allows pronation and supination whilst maintaining wrist flexion/extension; attaches to ulna styloid process + edge of radius, and articulates with triquetral

38
Q

What articulations are involved in the midcarpal joint?

A

Articulation b/w proximal row of carpus + distal row

39
Q

What ligaments stabilise the wrist joint?

A

Palmar radiocarpal, dorsal radiocarpal, ulnar collateral, radial collateral

40
Q

Which ligaments ensure the hand follows the forearm in supination and pronation?

A

Palmar radiocarpal (sup), dorsal radiocarpal (pro)

41
Q

Where does the palmar radiocarpal ligament extend to and from?

A

Extends from anterior inferior radius to both rows of carpal bones

42
Q

Where does the dorsal radiocarpal ligament extend to and from?

A

From posterior inferior radius to both rows of carpal bones

43
Q

Which ligaments prevent excess lateral joint displacement?

A

Ulnar and radial collateral

44
Q

Where does the ulnar collateral ligament extend to and from?

A

Ulnar styloid process to triquetrum + pisiform

45
Q

Where does the radial collateral ligament extend to and from?

A

Radial styloid process to scaphoid + trapezium

46
Q

What are the articulations of the intercarpal joints?

A

Between every carpus; allows tiny bits of movement

47
Q

What are the articulations of carpometacarpal joints?

A

Between carpus bones and metacarpals

48
Q

Why is the 1st carpometacarpal prone to grinding?

A

Tendons which move joint lie parallel to 1st metacarpal, and so joint is compressed by muscle contraction

49
Q

What allows opposition and reposition?

A

The passive rotation of CMC joint; compound movement of flexion, adduction and passive medial rotation

50
Q

What movements are thumb flexion and extension?

A

Thumb moving laterally and medially

51
Q

What movements are thumb abduction and adduction?

A

Thumb moving away from and towards palm at 90 degrees angle

52
Q

What are the three arches of the hand?

A

The proximal transverse, distal transverse, and longitudinal

53
Q

Which arch is formed by the distal row of the carpus bones?

A

Proximal transverse arch

54
Q

Which arch forms the carpal tunnel?

A

Proximal transverse arch

55
Q

Which transverse arch is relatively mobile?

A

Distal transverse arch

56
Q

Which arch follows the shape of the 2nd and 3rd rays?

A

Longitudinal arch

57
Q

What are rays comprised of?

A

The finger bones, associated metacarpal and carpal bones

58
Q

Which carpal bone do the 4th and 5th rays share?

A

Hamate

59
Q

Which rays are more rigid?

A

2nd and 3rd; joints of digits rigidly joined to distal row of carpus

60
Q

Which rays are more mobile?

A

1st, 4th and 5th; joints form mobile radial and ulnar borders

61
Q

What is the purpose of the carpal tunnel?

A

Allows space for structures to pass from forearm to hand

62
Q

Which ligaments pin and tie the proximal transverse arch to form the carpal tunnel?

A

The transverse carpal ligament, flexor retinaculum, and palmar aponeurosis

63
Q

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Any swelling of the wrist or inflammation of the tendons within, which will compress the median nerve

64
Q

What hand features do the metacarpophalangeal joints form?

A

The knuckles

65
Q

What movements are allowed at the metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

66
Q

Which ligaments are present at metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments

67
Q

Where are fibrous digital sheaths and palmar plates present?

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints and interphalangeal joints

68
Q

What does the deep transverse metacarpal ligament do?

A

Binds metacarpophalangeal joints 2-4 together

69
Q

What are the interphalangeal joints?

A

Joints between phalanges; digits 2-5 have proximal and distal; thumb only has one

Anatomy Year 1 (21 decks)

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