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Anatomy Year 1 > The hip, knee and ankle joints > Flashcards

The hip, knee and ankle joints Flashcards

Review of features of the hip, knee and ankle joints

1
Q

What are the functions of the knee joint?

A

To support BW, transmit forces between femur and tibia, and provide movement for locomotion

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2
Q

What are the two joints of the knee?

A

The tibiofemoral joint and the patellofemoral joint

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3
Q

What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Synovial bicondylar

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4
Q

What distinguishes the condyles of the femur?

A

The lateral condyle’s articular surface profile is longer than the medial

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5
Q

What distinguishes the condyles of the tibia?

A

The lateral condyle of the tibia is smaller and more circular

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6
Q

How would you distinguish between the minisci?

A

The medial miniscus is a semicircle, whilst the lateral miniscus is 4/5 of a circle, and has a larger SA

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7
Q

What are the functions of the minisci?

A

To increase congruence between articulating surfaces, assist weight-bearing, shock absorb, and facilitate accessory movements

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8
Q

What are the names of the four major ligaments of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament

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9
Q

What type of ligament is the MCL?

A

Extracapsular, is a broad flat band

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10
Q

What type of ligament is the LCL?

A

Extacapsular, is like a chord

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11
Q

What does the MCL prevent?

A

Valgus displacement

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12
Q

What does the LCL prevent?

A

Varus displacement

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13
Q

What type of ligament are the ACL and PCL?

A

Intracapsular

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14
Q

What does the ACL attach to?

A

Attaches from anterior intercondylar area to lateral femoral condyle

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15
Q

What does the PCL attach to?

A

Attach from posterior intercondylar area to medial femoral condyle

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16
Q

What does the ACL prevent?

A

Anterior tibial displacement

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17
Q

What does the PCL prevent?

A

Posterior tibial displacement

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18
Q

What type of joint is the patellofemoral joint?

A

Synovial, saddle

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19
Q

What is the function of the patella?

A

Acts as an anatomic pulley, reduces friction between the quad tendon and femoral condyles

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20
Q

How does the patella move with flexion and extension?

A

With flexion, moves distally. With extension, moves proximally.

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21
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid-filled sacs which reduce friction, typically between skin and bone/ tendon and bone

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22
Q

What is the major bursa of the knee joint?

A

The pre-patella bursa between the skin and knee-cap

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23
Q

When is the knee is its close-packed position?

A

When knee is in full extension

24
Q

What is the close-packed position? (generally)

A

When tendons are tightest and there is maximum contact between bones

25
Q

What are the functions of the ankle/foot?

A

Act as a shock absorber, generate propulsion, adapt to uneven surface, and act as a base of support

26
Q

What are the arches the plantar vault are supported by?

A

The Medial, Lateral and Anterior transverse arches

27
Q

What are contact points of the plantar vault?

A

Head MT 1 + 5, calcaneal tuberosity

28
Q

What are the bones which the medial arch comprises of?

A

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, MT1

29
Q

What are the bones which the lateral arch comprises of ?

A

Calcaneus, cuboid, MT5

30
Q

What are the bones which the anterior transverse arch comprises of?

A

MT1-5

31
Q

Which is the most flexible arch?

A

Medial

32
Q

What is the flattest arch?

A

Anterior transverse

33
Q

Which arch(es) has ground contact?

A

Lateral and anterior transverse

34
Q

How are arches maintained? (general)

A

Wedge-shaped bones, a keystone at the top, and strong support

35
Q

What is the gait cycle of walking?

A

Heel strike, stance, heel off, toe off

36
Q

When are the arches raised most?

A

During heel strike

37
Q

When is the vault flattened?

A

During stance

38
Q

At what point is the foot a rigid lever between two force?

A

During heel off

39
Q

What is the Windlass mechanism?

A

When plantar fascia tightens to reinforce medial arch during extension of hallux

40
Q

At what point are the plantar tighteners not contracting?

A

During heel strike

41
Q

What are the joints of the foot?

A

The subtalar and transverse tarsal

42
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

Joint between talus and calcaneus, allowing movement of calcaneus

43
Q

What is the transverse tarsal joint?

A

The calcaneocuboid and talonavicular joints, allowing movements of the forefoot

44
Q

What movements are allowed at the foot/ankle?

A

Ab + adduction, dorsi- + plantarflexion, supination + pronation, inversion + eversion

45
Q

What is inversion?

A

Adduction, plantarflexion, supination. Both fore and hind foot do the same movement

46
Q

What is eversion?

A

Abduction, dorsiflexion, pronation. Both fore and hind foot do the same movement

47
Q

When weight shifts laterally, which actions do the joints do?

A

Joints do opposite movements. Hindfoot abucts, supinates, and dorsiflex. Forefoot does opposite.

48
Q

Name the ligaments of the hip

A

Iliofemoral, teres, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

49
Q

How would one identify the iliofemoral ligament?

A

Attaches from ilium to femur, crosses anteriorly

50
Q

How would one identify the teres ligament?

A

Attaches from deep in acetabulum to depression in head of femur

51
Q

How would one identify the pubofemoral ligament?

A

Attaches from pubis to femur, crossing anteriomedially + inferiorly

52
Q

How would one identify the ischiofemoral ligament?

A

Attaches from ischium to trochanteric fossa of femur, crosses posteriorly, is triangular

53
Q

Which ligament limits hip hyperextension?

A

Iliofemoral

54
Q

Which ligament limits hip adduction?

A

Teres

55
Q

Which ligament limits hip extension + abduction?

A

Pubofemoral

56
Q

Which ligament limits internal rotation?

A

Ischiofemoral

Anatomy Year 1 (21 decks)

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