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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > The Sense Organs > Flashcards

The Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

extensions of the CNS that allow it to monitor what is going on inside and outside the animal via specially modified dendrites

A

Sensory Organs

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2
Q

specially modified dendrites that, when triggered by an appropriate stimulus, generate nerve impulses which are then interpreted in the CNS as a particular sensation

A

Sensory Receptors

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3
Q

Sensory receptors of common domestic animals are sensitive to what 4 types stimuli? Give examples

A
  1. Mechanical Stimuli - touch, hearing, balance
  2. Thermal Stimuli - hot, cold
  3. Electromagnetic Stimuli - vision
  4. Chemical Stimuli - taste, smell
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4
Q

What are the 2 types of senses and how many are there?

A
  1. General Senses - 5
  2. Special Senses - 5
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5
Q

List the 5 general senses

A
  1. Visceral sensations
  2. Touch
  3. Temperature
  4. Pain
  5. Proprioception
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6
Q

List the 5 special senses

A
  1. Taste
  2. Smell
  3. Hearing
  4. Equilibrium
  5. Vision
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7
Q

Match the sense with the type of stimulus:

Sense:
Visceral, Touch, Temperature, Pain, Proprioception, Taste, Smell, Hearing, Equilibrium, and Vision

Type of Stimulus:
Chemical, Mechanical, Thermal, and Electromagnetic

A
  1. Visceral - chemical + mechanical
  2. Touch - mechanical
  3. Temperature - thermal
  4. Pain - mechanical, chemical or thermal
  5. Proprioception - mechanical
  6. Taste - chemical
  7. Smell - chemical
  8. Hearing - mechanical
  9. Equilibrium - mechanical
  10. Vision - electromagnetic
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8
Q

widespread senses whose receptors are fairly simple structures and transmit sensory information to the CNS through peripheral and autonomic nerve fibers to keep the CNS informed about the overall conditions inside and outside the body

A

General Senses

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9
Q

sensations that initiate actions designed to secure the needed substances and restore nutrient and fluid homeostasis in the body or to let the body know when an organ is stretching and shouldn’t be

A

Visceral Sensations

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10
Q

the sensation of something being in contact with the surface of the body

A

Tactile Sense

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11
Q

There are different types of touch and pressure receptors. Name 4 sensations produced by them

A
  1. Light contact
  2. Deep pressure
  3. Vibration
  4. Hair movement
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12
Q

Which nervous system activates mechanisms to correct hyperthermia and hypothermia?

A

CNS

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13
Q

receptors detect increases or decreases in body temperature and transmit the information to the CNS

A

Temperature Receptors

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14
Q

How many types of temperature receptors are there and what are they?

A
  1. Superficial Temperature Receptors
  2. Central Temperature Receptors
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15
Q

receptors that increase their generation of nerve impulses when the temperature increases to bring attention to the conscious mind

A

Heat Receptors

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16
Q

receptors that increase their generation of nerve impulses when the temperature decreases to bring attention to the conscious mind

A

Cold Receptors

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17
Q

the sense that protects the body from damage by alerting the CNS to potentially harmful stimuli

A

Pain

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18
Q

the most common and widely distributed sensory receptors that protect the body from damage by potentially harmful stimuli

A

Nociceptors

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19
Q

Nociceptors are only absent from where?

A

The brain

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20
Q

the process of experiencing pain

A

Nociception

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21
Q

What are the 4 steps of nociception?

A
  1. Transduction
  2. Transmission
  3. Modulation
  4. Perception
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22
Q

the step in nociception at the sensory nerve ending when the painful stimulus is converted to a nerve impulse

A

Transduction

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23
Q

the step in nociception when the nerve impulse travels up the sensory nerve fibers to the spinal cord

A

Transmission

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24
Q

the step in nociception when nerve impulses are either amplified or suppressed through synapses between neurons in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord before traveling to the brain

A

Modulation

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25
Q

the step in nociception when the painful impulses are recognized by several areas of the brain

A

Perception

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26
Q

What are the 2 classifications of pain?

A
  1. Location
  2. Chronicity
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27
Q

List the pain classifications based on location

A
  1. Superficial
  2. Deep
  3. Visceral
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28
Q

List the pain classifications based on chronicity

A
  1. Acute
  2. Chronic
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29
Q

pain classification that affects the skin and subcutaneous areas

A

Superficial Pain

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30
Q

pain classification involving muscles and joints

A

Deep Pain

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31
Q

pain classification relating to the internal organs

A

Visceral Pain

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32
Q

pain classification described as sharp and intense

A

Acute Pain

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33
Q

pain classification described as dull and aching

A

Chronic Pain

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34
Q

the sense subconsciously keeps the CNS informed about the movements of limbs, the positions of joints, the state of muscle contraction, and the amount of tension being exerted on tendons and ligaments

A

Proprioception

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35
Q

Proprioception is achieved by a variety of stretch receptors located in what 4 structures?

A
  1. Skeletal Muscles
  2. Tendons
  3. Ligaments
  4. Joint Capsules
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36
Q

significantly elevated body temperature

A

Heatstroke

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37
Q

List 3 early clinical signs of heatstroke

A
  1. Weakness
  2. Confusion
  3. Very rapid HR + RR
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38
Q

What is the maximum body temperature compatible with life?

A

10º F over animal’s normal body temperature

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39
Q

What is an early clinical sign of hypothermia?

A

Extremely slow HR + RR

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40
Q

Why is it important to keep anesthetized and animals recovering from anesthesia warm?

A
  1. The cold room and surgical table can cause hypothermia in an anesthetized state.
  2. Slowed HR + RR indicate slowed metabolic reactions
  3. Slows the metabolism of the anesthetic agent at the end of a surgery
  4. Longer to wake up
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41
Q

the ability to perceive sensations

A

Esthesia

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42
Q

the complete inability to perceive sensation

A

Anesthesia

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43
Q

What are 2 types of anesthesia used in vet med?

A
  1. General
  2. Local
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44
Q

anesthesia that involves a complete loss of sensory perception accompanied by loss of consciousness

A

General Anesthesia

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45
Q

How is general anesthesia administered?

A
  1. Injection
  2. Inhalation
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46
Q

General anesthesia suppresses what 3 things?

A
  1. CNS
  2. Cardiovascular function
  3. Respiratory function
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47
Q

anesthesia that produces a loss of sensation from a specific area of the body without affecting consciousness

A

Local Anesthesia

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48
Q

How is local anesthesia administered?

A

Injection into areas where sensory nerve fibers pass

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49
Q

Local anesthesia suppresses what 2 things?

A
  1. Transmission of impulses through the site
  2. Prevents sensory information from reaching the CNS
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50
Q

the decreased perception of pain

A

Analgesia

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51
Q

a drug that produces a decreased perception of pain and is often used to make animals with severe pain more comfortable

A

Analgesic Drug

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52
Q

the exaggerated pain response in a postsurgical patient caused by the amplification of pain signals sent to the brain once they wake up from general anesthesia

A

Wind-Up

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53
Q

How can you prevent wind-up?

A
  1. Administering analgesic or local anesthesia before or during surgery
  2. Small amounts of several drugs with different analgesic/anesthetic mechanisms > better than 1 large dose of a single drug
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54
Q

senses organized into specific, complex sensory organs and structures all located within the head that are often involved in clinical illnesses and injuries

A

Special Senses

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55
Q

the gustatory sense receptors that detect chemical substances dissolved in the saliva and generate nerve impulses sent to and interpreted as tastes by the brain

A

Taste Buds

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56
Q

tiny openings on the surface of each taste bud that allow dissolved substances to enter the taste buds and contact the sensory receptors

A

Taste Pores

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57
Q

small, elevated structures on the tongue that house the majority of taste buds

A

Papillae

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58
Q

List the types of gustatory papillae

A
  1. Conical Papillae
  2. Circumvallate Papillae
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59
Q

the mechanical sense that converts vibrations of air molecules into nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain as sound

A

Auditory Sense

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60
Q

the area of the ear that acts as a funnel to collect sound wave vibrations and direct them to the eardrum

A

External Ear

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61
Q

What are the 3 components of the external ear?

A
  1. Pinna
  2. External Auditory Canal
  3. Tympanic Membrane
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62
Q

the funnel-like structure composed of auricular cartilage and skin that collects sound wave vibrations and directs them into the external auditory canal

A

Pinna

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63
Q

a soft, membrane-lined tube that begins at the base of the pinna and carries sound waves to the tympanic membrane

A

External Auditory Canal

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64
Q

a thin connective tissue membrane that is tightly stretched across the opening between the external auditory canal and the middle ear cavity

A

Tympanic Membrane

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65
Q

the air-filled cavity of the ear that amplifies and transmits the vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

A

Middle Ear

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66
Q

List the components of the middle ear

A
  1. Ossicles
  2. Eustachian Tube
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67
Q

a tiny muscle attached to the malleus that adjusts the tension of the tympanic membrane to help deaden the transmission of extremely loud sound vibrations to the cochlea

A

Tensor Tympani

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68
Q

a tiny muscle that assists in the cochlear damage-control process by restricting the movement of the stapes in response to loud sounds

A

Stapedius

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69
Q

the ossicle attached to the tympanic membrane that forms a synovial joint with the middle ossicle

A

Malleus

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70
Q

the middle ossicle

A

Incus

71
Q

the ossicle attached to the membrane of the cochlear oval window and forms a joint with the middle ossicle

A

Stapes

72
Q

the connection between the middle ear cavity and the pharynx that equalizes the air pressure on the 2 sides of the tympanic membrane

A

Eustachian Tube

73
Q

the area of the ear that contains the sensory receptors that convert the mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses and contain receptors contributing to equilibrium

A

Inner Ear

74
Q

the spiral cavity of the inner ear that contains structures to convert mechanical vibrations to nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

75
Q

List the components of the cochlea

A
  1. Organ of Corti
  2. Cochlear Duct
  3. U-Shaped Tube
  4. Basilar Membrane
76
Q

the long tube containing endolymph and houses the organ of Corti

A

Cochlear Duct

77
Q

the fluid of the inner ear canal that indicate information about sound, position, and balance to the CNS when is it displaced

A

Endolymph

78
Q

structure located on either side of the cochlear duct that contains perilymph

A

U-Shaped Tube

79
Q

fluid of the inner ear canal that regulate electrochemical impulses of hair cells necessary for hearing

A

Perilymph

80
Q

the membrane-covered opening of the U-shaped tube in the cochlea that is attached to the stapes

A

Oval Window

81
Q

the membrane-covered opening of the U-shaped tube in the cochlea that does not have anything against it

A

Cochlear (Round) Window

82
Q

a shelf-like structure on which the cochlear duct and organ of Corti run along like a ribbon

A

Basilar Membrane

83
Q

the gelatin-like membrane that lies gently on top of the hair cells of the organ of Corti and cause the generation of nerve impulses as the hairs bend

A

Tectorial Membrane

84
Q

the mechanical sense that helps the animal maintain its balance by working with the eyes and proprioceptors to keep track of the positions and movements of the head

A

Equilibrium

85
Q

List the 2 types of equilibrium receptors

A
  1. Vestibule
  2. Semicircular Canals
86
Q

the equilibrium receptor that gives the brain information about the linear motion of the head as well as the position of the head

A

Vestibule

87
Q

the 2 saclike spaces in the vestibule of the inner ear that are continuous with the cochlear duct, filled with endolymph, and surrounded by perilymph

A

Utricle and Saccule

88
Q

a patch of sensory epithelium in the utricle and saccule of the vestibule covered by otoliths that consists of hair cells and supporting cells

A

Macula

89
Q

tiny crystals of calcium carbonate found in the matrix surrounding the macula

A

Otolith

90
Q

the equilibrium receptors oriented in different planes and at right angles to the each other that give the brain information about the head’s rotary motion

A

Semicircular Canals

91
Q

an enlargement near the utricle end of the semicircular canal that contains the crista

A

Ampulla

92
Q

the receptor structure in the ampulla that consists of hair cells and supporting cells surrounded by cupula

A

Crista

93
Q

the gelatinous matrix surrounding the crista that functions as a float to move with the endolymph in the membranous canal and contains no otoliths

A

Cupula

94
Q

Give the major layers of the eyeball

A
  1. Fibrous Layer
  2. Vascular Layer (Uvea)
  3. Nervous Layer (Retina)
95
Q

List the components of the fibrous layer of the eyeball

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Sclera
96
Q

the avascular layer of the eye that admits light to its interior and gives strength and shape to the eyeball

A

Fibrous Layer

97
Q

the highly-innervated, transparent “window” that admits light to the interior of the eye

A

Cornea

98
Q

the abnormal overaccumulation of water in the cornea

A

Corneal Edema

99
Q

the abnormal deficiency of water in the cornea that causes a cloudy and opaque appearance

A

Corneal Dehydration

100
Q

makes up the majority of the outer fibrous layer of the eye

A

Sclera

101
Q

the junction of the cornea and the sclera that can be used as a landmark to describe the position of lesions on the cornea or sclera

A

Limbus

102
Q

the vascular layer of the eye

A

Uvea

103
Q

List the components of the uvea

A
  1. Choroid
  2. Iris
  3. Ciliary Body
104
Q

the structure sandwiched between the sclera and the retina that consists mainly of pigment and blood vessels that supply blood to the retina

A

Choroid

105
Q

the highly reflective area of the rear of the eye formed by the choroid that acts as a light amplifier to aid low-light vision

A

Tapetum Lucidum

106
Q

How does the tapetum lucidum amplify light to aid in low-light vision?

A
  1. Light passes through the photoreceptors
  2. Light reflects off the tapetum
  3. Light passes back through the photoreceptors again
  4. Stimulates the receptors a 2nd time
  5. Light is amplified
107
Q

What 2 species do not have a tapetum?

A
  1. Swine
  2. Humans
108
Q

the muscular diaphragm that controls the amount of light that enters the posterior part of the eyeball

A

Iris

109
Q

the opening in the center of the iris that dilates in low-light conditions and constricts in bright light

A

Pupil

110
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle fibers in the iris?

A
  1. Radially arranged fibers
  2. Circularly arranged fibers
111
Q

smooth muscle fibers in the iris that dilate the pupil when they contract

A

Radially arranged fibers

112
Q

smooth muscle fibers in the iris that constrict the pupil when they contract

A

Circularly arranged fibers

113
Q

the ring shaped structure located immediately behind the iris that contains tiny muscles that adjust the shape of the lens to allow near and far vision

A

Ciliary Body

114
Q

What are the components of the ciliary body?

A
  1. Ciliary Muscles
  2. Suspensory Ligaments
115
Q

the muscle fibers that flatten the lens when relaxed and allow the lens to assume its natural, more rounded shape when they contract

A

Ciliary Muscles

116
Q

tiny connective structures that attach the ciliary muscles to the periphery of the lens

A

Suspensory Ligaments

117
Q

the innervated layer that lines the back of the eye and contains the sensory receptors for vision

A

Retina

118
Q

the caudal interior surface of the eye

A

Fundus

119
Q

Give the components of the fundus

A
  1. Retina
  2. Optic Disc
120
Q

List the major compartments of the eyeball

A
  1. Aqueous Compartment
  2. Vitreous Comparment
121
Q

the fluid-filled compartment in front of the lens and ciliary body that contains its associated humor

A

Aqueous Compartment

122
Q

old anatomical term for fluid

A

Humor

123
Q

clear, watery fluid located in front of the lens and ciliary body

A

Aqueous Humor

124
Q

the space of the aqueous compartment located in front of the iris

A

Anterior Chamber

125
Q

the space of the aqueous compartment located behind the iris and in front of the lens

A

Posterior Chamber

126
Q

the ringlike exit duct that slowly drains the aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and returns the fluid to the bloodstream

A

Canal of Schlemm

127
Q

the fluid-filled compartment behind the lens and ciliary body that contains its associated humor

A

Vitreous Compartment

128
Q

clear, gelatinous fluid located behind the lens and ciliary body

A

Vitreous Humor

129
Q

the structure of the eye that helps focus a clear image on the retina regardless of whether the object being viewed is close up or far away

A

Lens

130
Q

the process of changing the shape of the lens to allow close-up and distant vision by the lens and ciliary body

A

Accommodation

131
Q

the structure in the eye where the visual image is formed, sensed, and converted to nerve impulses that are decoded in the brain to re-form the image in the conscious mind

A

Retina

132
Q

List the 5 layers of the retina

A
  1. Pigment Layer
  2. Photoreceptor Layer
  3. Bipolar Cell Layer
  4. Ganglion Cell Layer
  5. Nerve Fiber Layer
133
Q

the deepest layer of neurons in the retina where you can find rod and cones

A

Photoreceptor Layer

134
Q

the point of entry of the optic nerve that lacks visual receptors and therefore creates a blind spot on the retina

A

Optic Disc

135
Q

neurons whose dendrites have been modified into sensory receptors for light

A

Photoreceptor Cells

136
Q

the main photoreceptors for low-light vision

A

Rods

137
Q

the light-absorbing pigment found in rod cells

A

Rhodopsin

138
Q

the main photoreceptors for color and detail

A

Cones

139
Q

the color sensitive pigment found in cones

A

Iodopsin

140
Q

a small depression in the center of the retina of humans and primates containing a dense accumulation of cones that has the clearest vision

A

Fovea centralis

141
Q

the bending of light rays that occurs as the rays pass into a medium of a different optical density, which affects the speed of light transmission

A

Refraction

142
Q

Does the majority of the refractive work in the eye

A

Cornea

143
Q

List the 3 components that fine tune images formed by the cornea

A
  1. Aqueous Humor
  2. Vitreous Humor
  3. Lens
144
Q

a thin, transparent membrane that covers the front portion of the eyeball and lines the interior surfaces of the eyelids

A

Conjunctiva

145
Q

the thin, transparent membrane that covers the front portion of the eyeball

A

Bulbar Conjunctiva

146
Q

the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inner portion of the eyelids

A

Palpebral Conjunctiva

147
Q

the space between the bulbar and palpebral portions of the conjunctiva

A

Conjunctival Sac

148
Q

the upper and lower folds of skin surrounding the eye that are lined by the conjunctiva

A

Eyelid

149
Q

the corners where the eyelid come together

A

Lateral and Medial Canthi (sg. canthus)

150
Q

tiny openings along the margin of each eyelid that produce a waxy substance to prevent tears from overflowing onto the face

A

Tarsal (Meibomian) Glands

151
Q

a third eyelid located medially between the eyelids and the eyeball of domestic animals and consists of a T-shaped plate of cartilage covered by conjunctiva

A

Nictitating Membrane

152
Q

includes the structures that produce and secrete tears and the structures that drain them away from the surface of the eye

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

153
Q

the structures that produce tears and are located dorsal and lateral to each eye inside the bony orbits

A

Lacrimal Glands

154
Q

List the 3 liquid film layers on the surface of the eye

A
  1. Mucous Layer
  2. Tear Layer
  3. Oily Layer
155
Q

inner layer of film on the eye that contains antibacterial substances that help protect the eye from infection

A

Mucous Layer

156
Q

the middle layer of film on the eye that keeps the cornea moist

A

Tear Layer

157
Q

the outer layer of film on the eye that helps reduce evaporation of the underlying tear layer and prevents tears from flowing over the lid margin

A

Oily Layer

158
Q

2 small openings near the medial canthi on the upper and lower eyelid margins that drain tears away from the surface of each eye

A

Lacrimal Puncta (sg. punctum)

159
Q

small skeletal muscles attached to the sclera that hold the eyeballs in place and delicately and accurately move them

A

Extraocular Eye Muscles

160
Q

What are the 2 main types of extraocular eye muscles in animals?

A
  1. Reticular (straight)
  2. Oblique
161
Q

List the 7 extraocular eye muscles in animals

A
  1. Dorsal Rectus
  2. Ventral Rectus
  3. Medial Rectus
  4. Lateral Rectus
  5. Dorsal Oblique
  6. Ventral Oblique
  7. Retractor Bulbi Muscle
162
Q

the abnormal accumulation of free blood between the cartilage and skin of the pinna

A

Ear Hematoma

163
Q

the permanent scar tissue formed by untreated ear hematomas

A

Cauliflower Ear

164
Q

List 3 treatment steps for ear hematomas

A
  1. Surgical draining
  2. Sutures through the pinna > hold the skin tight against the cartilage > prevents fluid from reaccumulating
  3. Treat cause of head shaking > prevent recurrence
165
Q

inflammation of the skin of the external ear canal

A

Otitis Externa

166
Q

a group of diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that causes pain and can lead to blindness

A

Glaucoma

167
Q

an instrument used to test for glaucoma by measuring the intraocular pressure

A

Tonometer

168
Q

What causes glaucoma?

A

Insufficient drainage of aqueous humor

169
Q

an abnormal condition of the eye whereby the lens becomes opaque which impairs vision, particularly in dim light, and can lead to total blindness

A

Cataract

170
Q

the inflammation of the thin, transparent membrane that covers the front portion of the eyeball and lines the interior surfaces of the eyelids

A

Conjunctivitis

171
Q

watery

A

serous

172
Q

bloody

A

sanguineous

173
Q

pus-like

A

purulent

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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