Skeletal System Flashcards
Reference terms for “bone”
os-
osteo-
the process of osteoblasts hardening the matrix of bone due to the infiltration of calcium and phosphate
Ossification
List the 5 functions of bones
- Support
- Protection
- Leverage
- Storage - minerals
- Hematopoiesis
the formation of blood cells
Hematopoiesis
Calcium homeostasis is controlled by what 2 hormones? Where are they produced? What do they prevent?
- Calcitonin > thyroid gland > hypercalcemia
- Parathyroid Hormone > parathyroid gland > hypocalcemia
a calcitropic hormone produced in the thyroid gland that prevents hypercalcemia
Calcitonin
a calcitropic hormone that prevents hypocalcemia
Parathyroid Hormone
the condition in which there is too much calcium in the blood
Hypercalcemia
the condition in which there is not enough calcium in the blood
Hypocalcemia
How do calcitonin and parathyroid hormone control calcium homeostasis?
- Calcitonin > encourages osteoblasts to deposit calcium into the bones + inhibits osteoclasts
- Parathyroid Hormone > encourages osteoclasts to withdraw calcium from bones + inhibits osteoblasts
consists of tiny spicules of bone and the bone-marrow-filled spaces between them that are arranged in a way that allows the bone to stand up to the forces it’s subjected to
Cancellous Bone
consists of Haversian systems and makes up the shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones
Compact Bone
the vascular membrane that covers the outer surface of bones (NOT articular surfaces) and is involved in the healing of bone fractures
Periosteum
the membrane that lines the hollow inner surfaces of bones
Endosteum
cells responsible for secreting the material that forms and ossifies bones
Osteoblasts
mature bone cells that get trapped in the lacunae of the hardened matrix after ossification
Osteocytes
cells involved in the breakdown of bones and the calcium withdraw needed during hypocalcemia
Osteoclasts
central channel in the shafts of long bones that contain blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves that supply the osteocytes with nutrients
Haversian Canal
channels in the bone matrix that come in perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and contain blood vessels for the osteocytes
Volkmann’s Canals
tiny, threadlike channels that provide blood supply to osteocytes within bone lacunae
Canaliculi
Layers of bone
Lamellae (sg. Lamella)
the process of bone formation that begins with the creation of a cartilage rods in the developing fetus that are subsequently replaced by bone
Endochondral Bone Formation
the diaphysis of the cartilage rod where bone begins developing and the growth center expands as cartilage is gradually removed
Primary Growth Center
the shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
develop in the epiphyses of the long bone
Secondary Growth Center
the end of a long bone
Epiphysis
2 plates of cartilage, located between the diaphysis and the epiphyses of long bones, that are the sites of new bone formation and allow the bones to lengthen as the animal grows
Epiphyseal Plates (Growth Plates)
the process of bone forming in the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in the developing fetus and creates the flat bones of the cranium
Intramembranous Bone Formation
Bone Shapes:
bones that make up most limbs
Long Bones
Bone Shapes:
bones shaped like small cubes that consist of a cancellous bone core and a thin outer layer of compact bone
Short Bones
Bone Shapes:
thin bones that consist of 2 outer plates of compact bone and 1 inner layer of cancellous bone
Flat Bones
Bone Shapes:
bones that either have characteristics of more than one of the other categories or don’t fit any at all
Irregular Bones
Give 3 examples of irregular bones
- Sesamoid bones
- Vertebrae
- Patella
the alignment of fractured bone fragments
Reducing (Setting)
immobilizing the fracture after reducing
Fixation
a blood clot at the site of a bone fracture
Fracture Hematoma
Give 2 examples of external fixation devices and 4 internal
External
1. Splints
2. Casts
Internal
1. Pins
2. Wires
3. Screws
4. Plates
healing tissue formed by osteoblasts that gradually bridges a fracture gap and can be felt as a lump at the fracture site
Bone Callus
hematopoietic tissue that makes up the majority of bone marrow in young animals but only a small portion of marrow in older animals
Red Bone Marrow
Where is red bone marrow found in older animals? Give 3 locations
- Ends of some long bones
- Interior of pelvic bones
- Interior of sternum
adipose tissue that is the most common type of marrow in adult animals and can revert to the other type of bone marrow if the body needs it
Yellow Bone Marrow
smooth areas of compact bone where bones come in contact with each other to form joints
Articular Surfaces
a smooth, thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers articular surfaces and reduces friction in joints
Articular Cartilage
a large, round end of a bone that articulates with another bone
Condyle
Where are the 3 major condyles?
- Distal end of the humerus
- Distal end of the femur
- Occipital bone
the rounded articular surface on the proximal end of long bones such as the humerus, femur, and ribs
Head
the narrowed region of the diaphysis of the bone that connects to the head
Neck
a flat articular surface whose joint movement is a rocking motion
Facet
various projections and bumps on a bone where tendons of muscles attach whose names vary based on location
Processes
What does the size of the process indicate?
The larger the process > the more powerful the muscular pull is on that area of the bone
a natural opening in a bone that usually allows nerves or blood vessels to pass through
Foramen (pl. Foramina)
a depressed area on the surface of a bone that are usually occupied by muscles or tendons
Fossa
What are the 3 main skeleton groups and what do they include?
- Axial Skeleton - bones of head and trunk
- Appendicular Skeleton - bones of limbs
- Visceral Skeleton - bones formed in some soft organs of some species
jagged, immovable, fibrous joints of skull bones
Sutures
List the 3 regions of bones in the skull
- Bones of Cranium
- Bones of the Ear
- Bones of the Face
the portion of the skull that surrounds the brain
Cranium
List the 5 external bones of the cranium
- Occipital Bone
- Interparietal Bones
- Parietal Bones
- Temporal Bones
- Frontal Bones
the caudoventral portion of the skull where the spinal cord exits the skull and is the skull bone that articulates with the first cervical vertebra
Occipital Bone
the large hole in the center of the occipital bone where the spinal cord exits the skull
Foramen Magnum
the articular surfaces on either side of the foramen magnum that form the atlantooccipital joint with the first cervical vertebra
Occipital Condyles
forms a joint
Articulates
2 small bones located on the dorsal midline between the occipital bone and parietal bones that are clearly visible in young animals, but fuse in older animals
Interparietal Bones
2 bones that form the dorsolateral walls of the cranium
Parietal Bones
2 bones that form the lateral walls of the cranium, contain the middle and inner ear structures, and are the skull bones that form that TMJ joints with the mandible
Temporal Bones
the junction of the mandible and the temporal bones
Temporomandibular Joints (TMJ)
the bony canal that leads into the middle and inner ear cavities and is the only ear structure that is visible from the outside
External Acoustic Meatus
bones that form the rostrolateral portion of the cranium and a portion of the orbit
Frontal Bones
the concave socket that holds the eye
Orbit
a paranasal sinus within the frontal bone that communicates with the cornual process in horned breeds of cattle
Frontal Sinus
What are the 2 internal bones of the cranium?
- Sphenoid Bone
- Ethmoid Bone
a single bone located rostral to the occipital bone that forms the ventral part of the cranium, contains the pituitary fossa, and is shaped like a bat
Sphenoid Bone
a depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland
Pituitary Fossa
a paranasal sinus within the sphenoid bone of most animals
Sphenoid Sinus
a single bone located rostral to the sphenoid bone that contains a cribriform plate
Ethmoid Bone
a sieve-like passage through which the branches of the olfactory nerve pass from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain
Cribriform Plate
a paranasal sinus located in the ethmoid bone that is small in humans and horses
Ethmoidal Sinus
the 3 bones of the middle ear that transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane across the middle ear cavity to the cochlea
Ossicles
the eardrum
Tympanic Membrane
the region of the inner ear where hearing receptor cells convert vibrations to nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain as sound
Cochlea
What are the 3 ossicles?
- Malleus
- Incus
- Stapes
the outermost ossicle
Malleus
the middle ossicle
Incus
the innermost ossicle
Stapes
List the 6 external bones of the face
- Incisive Bones (premaxillary bones)
- Nasal Bones
- Maxillary Bones
- Lacrimal Bones
- Zygomatic Bones
- Mandible
the 2 most rostral skull bones that house the upper incisor teeth of all common domestic animals (except ruminants)
Incisive Bones
What do ruminants have instead of upper incisors?
Hard dental pad
the 2 bones forming the dorsal part of the nasal cavity whose size and shape are dependent on the shape of the face of the species and breed
Nasal Bones
breeds with long, thin nasal bones and long faces
Dolichocephalic
breeds with short, triangular nasal bones and short faces
Brachycelphalic
the 2 bones that make up most of the upper jaw and house the upper canine and all of the upper cheek teeth
Maxillary Bones
the bony separation between the mouth and the nasal cavity formed by the maxillary bones and the palatine bones
Hard Palate
What makes up the rostral and caudal portions of the hard palate?
Rostral > maxillary bones
Caudal > palatine bones
2 small bones that form part of the medial portion of the orbit and contain a space to house part of the tear drainage system of the eye
Lacrimal Bones
part of the tear drainage system of the eye located in spaces within each _____ bone
Lacrimal Sac
2 bones that form a portion of the orbit and join with processes of the temporal bones
Zygomatic Bones
The caudal-facing temporal process of zygomatic bone + rostral facing zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Zygomatic Arches
the only moveable skull bone that forms the TMJ with the temporal bones on each side and houses all the lower teeth
Mandible
What are the 2 regions of the mandible called?
- Shaft
- Ramus
the horizontal portion of the mandible that houses all the teeth
Shaft
the vertical portion of the mandible where the jaw muscles attach and where the articular condyles that form the TMJs with the temporal bones are located
Ramus
The mandible is how many bones in cattle, horses, cats, swine, and dogs?
Horses + Swine > 1 bone
Dogs + Cats + Cattle > 2 bones
a cartilaginous joint between the rostral end of the mandibles of certain species
Mandibular Symphysis
the separation of the mandibles at the mandibular symphysis due to blunt-force trauma and is the most common type of mandibular fracture in dogs and cats
Mandibular Symphyseal Fracture
List the 4 internal bones of the face
- Palatine Bones
- Pterygoid Bones
- Vomer Bones
- Turbinates
the caudal portion of the hard palate
Palatine Bones
the 2 small bones that support part of the lateral walls of the pharynx
Pterygoid Bones
a single bone located on the midline of the skull and forms part of the nasal septum
Vomer Bone
4 thin, scroll-like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavity and are covered in moist, vascular soft tissue
Turbinates
the bone and cartilage that help the animal swallow by supporting the base of the tongue, the pharynx and larynx and is shaped like a U
Hyoid Bone
the usual numbers of vertebrae within each region of the spinal column
Vertebral Formulas
the main, strongest, and most massive portion of a vertebra
Body
fibrocartilage shock-absorbers that separate adjacent vertebrae
Intervertebral Discs
a hollow arch located dorsal to the vertebrae bodies
Neural Arch
single, dorsally projecting processes of a vertebra that act as sites for muscle attachment and provide leverage to move the spine and trunk
Spinous Processes
the 2 laterally projecting processes of a vertebra that act as sites for muscle attachment and provide leverage to move the spine and trunk
Transverse Processes
the processes at the cranial and caudal ends of the vertebral arches that help form joints between adjacent vertebrae
Articular Processes
What is C1 called?
Atlas
the 2 large, winglike transverse processes that can be palpated just behind the skulls of most animals
Wings of Atlas
What is C2 called?
Axis
a peg-like process that fits into the caudal end of the atlas
Dens
the joint between the C1 and C2
Atlantoaxial Joint
the condition the results when 1 or more discs of the spinal column degenerate and normal mechanical forces on the spine push degenerated disc material into the spinal column
Intervertebral Disc Disease
What are 4 clinical signs of Intervertebral Disc Disease and what breed of dog is it common in?
- Pain
- Numbness
- Weakness
- Paralysis
Long-backed dogs
disc disease of the midback
Paresis
What are the biggest bones in the spinal column?
Lumbar Vertebrae
the structure formed from the fused sacral vertebrae
Sacrum
the joints between the sacrum and the pelvis
Sacroiliac Joint
the bones of the tail
Coccygeal Vertebrae (Cy)
a condition caused by the narrowing of the spinal canal in the cervical region and results in the compression of the spinal cord and an unstable gait
Wobbler Syndrome
What is the difference between Malformations and Malarticulations?
Malformations = physical abnormalities
Malarticulations = improper joints
weakness and incoordination
Ataxia
the vertebra used as a landmark in spinal radiographs due to its vertically projecting spinous processes that are unlike those of the surrounding vertebrae
Anticlinal Vertebra
What is the anticlinal vertebra in the following species?
1. Dogs
2. Cats
3. Horses
4. Cattle
5. Sheep
6. Swine
- Dogs - T11
- Cats - T11
- Horses - T16
- Cattle - T13
- Sheep - T13
- Swine - T10
Which direction do the spinous processes of the following vertebrae project?
1. 1st set of T
2. Anticlinal Vertebrae
3. 2nd set of T
- 1st set of T > recline caudally
- Anticlinal Vertebrae > stick straight up
- 2nd set of T > incline cranially
flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax
Ribs
term for rib
Costal
the cartilaginous part of the ribs
Costal Cartilage
the junction of the bony and cartilaginous parts of the ribs
Costochondral Junction
List the 3 types of ribs
- Sternal Ribs
- Asternal Ribs
- Floating Ribs
ribs whose cartilages join the sternum and make up the cranial part of the thorax
Sternal Ribs
ribs whose cartilages join the adjacent costal cartilage and make up the caudal part of the thorax
Asternal Ribs
the ribs whose cartilages may end in the muscles of the thoracic wall or join nothing at all
Floating Ribs
the floor of the thorax made up of a series of rod-like bones
Sternum
the numbered rod-like bones that make up the sternum
Sternebrae
the first, most cranial sternebra
Manubrium
the last, most caudal sternebra
Xiphoid Process
a easily palpable piece of cartilage that extends from the caudal end of the sternum
Xiphoid Cartilage
front legs with regard to the appendicular skeleton that have no direct, bony connection to the axial skeleton of all animals that are non-primates
Thoracic Limbs
the flat, somewhat triangular bone with a prominent, longitudinal ridge on its lateral surface and forms the socket portion of the shoulder joint at its distal end
Scapula
the articular surface of the scapula that forms the socket of the shoulder joint
Glenoid Cavity
the prominent, longitudinal ridge on the lateral surface of the scapula
Spine
the grooves on the cranial side of the scapular spine
Supraspinous Fossa
the grooves on the caudal side of the scapular spine
Infraspinous Fossa
List the 7 components of Thoracic Limbs
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Ulna
- Radius
- Carpus
- Metacarpal Bones
- Phalanges
the long bone of the brachium
Humerus
the upper arm
Brachium
processes on the proximal end of the humerus where the shoulder muscles attach
Greater + Lesser Tubercles
the proximal end of the humerus that forms the ball portion of the shoulder joint
Humeral Head
distal articular surfaces of the humerus
Humeral Condyles
the medial articular surface of the humerus that articulates with the ulna
Medial Trochlea
the non-articular “knobs” on the medial surfaces of the humerus condyle that can be easily palpated to be used as landmarks on living animals
Medial Epichondyle
the lateral articular surface of the humerus that articulates with the radius
Lateral Capitulum
the non-articular “knobs” on the lateral surfaces of the humerus condyle that can be easily palpated to be used as landmarks on living animals
Lateral Epicondyle
the deep indentation on the back surface of the humerus just above the condyle that forms part of the elbow
Olecranon Fossa
one of the long bones of the antebrachium that forms a major portion of the elbow joint with the distal end of the humerus
Ulna
the forearm
Antebrachium
the large process at the proximal end of the ulna where the tendon of the triceps brachii muscle attaches
Olecranon Process
the half-moon shaped and proximal articular surface of the ulna that wraps around part of the humeral condyle to help make the elbow joint tight and secure
Trochlear Notch
the beak-shaped process at the proximal end of the trochlear notch that tucks into the olecranon fossa when the elbow is extended into a straightened position
Anconeal Process
the processes located on the medial and lateral sides of the horizontal, concave facet at the proximal end of the ulna that articulates with the radius
Coronoid Processes
the pointed processes at the distal ends of the ulna and radius that articulate with the carpus
Styloid Process
one of the long bones of the antebrachium and is the main weight-bearing bone in the antebrachium
Radius
2 parallel proximal and distal rows of short bones that are considered the knee in horses and cattle
Carpus
How are the carpus and tarsus bones indentified?
- Proximal Rows - individual names
- Distal Rows - numbered medially > laterally
All common species have what 3 carpal bones?
- Radial Carpus
- Ulnar Carpus
- Accessory Carpus
bones that extend distally from the distal row of carpal/tarsal bones to the proximal phalanges of the digits
Metacarpals + Metatarsals
What determines the appearance of the metacarpals and metatarsals?
The kind of foot the animal has
How many digits are on the thoracic limbs of:
1. Horses
2. Cattle
3. Dogs + Cats
- Horses > 1 digit
- Cattle > 2 digits
- Dogs + Cats > 5 digits
How many digits are on the pelvic limbs of:
1. Horses
2. Cattle
3. Dogs + Cats
- Horses > 1 digit
- Cattle > 2 digits
- Dogs + Cats > 4 digits
the largest and weightbearing metacarpal and metatarsal bone in horses
Cannon Bone
the 2 non-weightbearing, vestigial metacarpal and metatarsal bones that only extend 2/3 of the way down that shaft of the cannon bone in horses
Splint Bones
a painful condition caused by the inflammation of the ligaments joining the splint bones and cannon bone in horses
Splints
the inflammation of the periosteum over the cranial surface of the 3rd metacarpal bone in equines
Bucked Shins
What is the name of Metacarpal I in dogs and cats?
Dewclaw
the individual bones that make up the digits
Phalanges (sg. Phalanx)
irregular bones found in some tendons that change direction suddenly over the surface of joints to allow the muscles to exert powerful forces on the bones without the tendons wearing out from constant use over the joint
Sesamoid Bones
the 2 bones located behind the fetlock joint in the large digital flexor tendons
Proximal Sesamoid Bones
the bone located deep in the hoof behind the joint between the middle and distal phalanges, where the digital flexor tendon attaches to the distal phalanx
Navicular Bone (Distal Sesamoid Bone)
the joint between the cannon bone and the proximal phalanx in horses
Fetlock Joint
How many phalanges to horses have and what are their names?
Three
- Long Pastern Bone (proximal phalanx)
- Short Pastern Bone (middle phalanx)
- Coffin Bone (distal phalanx)
How many phalanges do dogs and cats have?
Digit I > 2 phalanges > 1 proximal + 1 distal phalanx
Digits II to V > 3 phalanges > 1 proximal + 1 middle + 1 distal phalanx
a complex syndrome in horses involving degeneration of the distal sesamoid bone, damage to the bone’s blood supply and/or damage to surrounding structures such as bursas, tendons, and ligaments
Navicular Disease
List the 9 components of pelvic limbs
- Pelvis
- Femur
- Patella
- Medial + Lateral Fabellae
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Hock (tarsus)
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
3 separate bones that eventually fuse into a solid structure and joins the axial skeleton dorsally at the left and right sacroiliac joints
Pelvis
the cartilaginous joint located ventrally between the two halves of the pelvis
Pelvic Symphysis
the large holes on either side of the pelvic symphysis that function to lighten the pelvis
Obturator Foramina
the socket of the hip joint that encloses the femur head
Acetabulum
What are the 3 bones of the pelvis?
- Iliac
- Ischium
- Pubis
the cranial-most bone of the pelvis that connects to the sacrum of the spine
Ilium
the process of the ilium that projects medially and joins with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint
Tuber Sacrale
the process of the ilium that projects laterally
Tuber Coxae (Point of the hip)
the caudal-most pelvic bone that forms the caudal portion of the pelvic floor
Ischium
the main, rear-projecting process of the ischium
Ischial Tuberosity
the cranial portion of the pelvic floor and is the smallest pelvic bone
Pubis
the small, spherical portion of the hip joint that fits into the acetabulum
Femur Head
large processes at the proximal end of the femur where the hip and thigh muscles attach
Trochanters
the largest process on the proximal end of the femur
Greater Trochanter
joint formed by the distal end of the femur, the patella and the proximal end of the tibia
Stifle Joint
What are the 3 components of the stifle joint?
- Distal epiphysis of the femur
- Patella
- Proximal epiphysis of the tibia
the smooth articular groove on the femur in which the patella rides
Femoral Trochlea
the articular surfaces of the distal end of the femur that articulate with the proximal end of the tibia
Medial + Lateral Condyles
the nonarticular “knobs” on the medial surfaces of the femoral condyle that can be easily palpated to be used as landmarks on living animals
Medial Epichondyles
the nonarticular “knobs” on the lateral surfaces of the femoral condyle that can be easily palpated to be used as landmarks on living animals
Lateral Epicondyle
the bone that protects the tendon as it passes down over the femoral trochlea to insert on the tibial crest and is the largest sesamoid bone in the body
Patella
the small sesamoid bones located in the proximal gastrocnemius tendon just above and behind the femoral condyles of dogs/cats and are not present in cattle/horses
Medial + Lateral Fabellae
forms the stifle joint with the femur and the hock with the tarsus
Tibia
the forward-facing point of the proximal end of the tibia that attaches the patellar ligament
Tibial Tuberosity
Describe the differences in shape of the Tibial Diaphysis
Proximal end > triangular
Distal end > rounded
the palpable process on the medial side of the distal end of the tibia
Medial Malleolus
the lower leg bone that primarily functions as a muscle attachment site
Fibula
the palpable process on the distal end of the fibula
Lateral Malleolus
2 parallel proximal and distal rows of short bones that are considered the ankle in humans
Hock (Tarsus)
List the 3 proximal tarsal bones
- Tibial Tarsal Bone
- Fibular Tarsal Bone
- Central Tarsal Bone
the process of the fibular tarsal bone that projects upward and backward to form the point of the hock and acts as a point of attachment for the gastrocnemius tendon
Calcaneal Tuberosity
abnormal laxity of the hip joints that leads to joint instability and degenerative bony changes
Hip Dysplasia
to pop out of normal place
Luxation
What are the appropriate BCS for:
1. Desired Condition
2. Low BCS
3. High BCS
- Desired Condition = 3/5 or 5/9
- Emaciated = 1/5 or 1/9
- Obese = 5/5 or9/9
Explain the technique for determining an animal’s body condition score (BCS)
- Visually assess the animal’s body shape
- Palpate external skeletal landmarks to determine how much fat is around them
Give 3 examples of bones in the visceral skeleton
- os cordis
- os penis
- os rostri
a bone in the heart of cattle and sheep that helps support the valves of the heart
os cordis
a bone in the penis of dogs, beavers, raccoons, and walruses that partially surrounds the penile portion of the urethra
os penis
a bone in the nose of swine that strengthens the snout for the rooting behavior of pigs
os rostri
Reference terms for joints
- arthro-
- articular
List the 3 types of joints and give examples
- Fibrous Joints - sutures on skull bones
- Cartilaginous Joints - mandibular symphysis
- Synovial Joints - shoulder joint
immovable joints
Fibrous Joints
joints only capable of a slight rocking movement
Cartilaginous Joints
freely moveable joints
Synovial Joints
a fluid filled space between joint surfaces enclosed by a joint capsule
Joint Cavity
a multilayered tissue that encloses the joint cavity
Joint Capsule
the outer layer of the joint capsule that produces fluid to lubricate joint surfaces
Synovial Membrane
the lubricating fluid produced in and for joints
Synovial Fluid
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?
Ligaments = bone > bone
Tendons = muscle > bone
the large tendon that passes over the cranial surface of the stifle joint and attaches to the proximal end of the tibia at the tibial tuberosity
Distal Tendon of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle
the ligament that provides support on the front of the stifle joint and is an extension of the distal tendon of the large quadriceps femoris muscle
Patellar Ligament
the medial and lateral ligaments that connect the femur and tibia on the outside of the stifle joint to prevent sideways movement of the bones
Collateral Ligaments
on both sides
Collateral
the ligaments that cross inside the stifle joint and prevent the bones of the joint from sliding forward and backward as the joint bends and straightens
Cranial and Caudal Cruciate Ligaments
What are the 6 types of synovial joint movement?
- Flexion
- Extension
- Adduction
- Abduction
- Rotation
- Circumduction
decreases the angle between 2 bones
Flexion
increases the angle between 2 bones
Extension
twisting movement of a part on its own axis
Rotation
movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle
Circumduction
List the 4 types of synovial joints and give examples
- Hinge Joints - atlantooccipital joint (nodding yes)
- Gliding Joints - carpus
- Pivot Joints - atlantoaxial joint (shaking head no)
- Spheroidal Joints - hip
joints in which 1 joint surface swivels around another and the only possible movements are flexion and extension
Hinge Joints
joints in which the movement between articular surfaces is a rocking motion of one bone on the other and the main movements include flexion and extension, but some abduction and adduction may be possible
Gliding Joints
joints in which one bone rotates on another and the only possible movement is rotation
Pivot Joints
joints in which the head of a bone rotates within a concave space and allows for all 6 types of joint movement
Ball-and-Socket (Spheroidal) Joints
What is the only true pivot joint?
Atlantoaxial Joint > shaking head no
What is the most commonly injured ligament in dogs?
Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CrCL)
