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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > The Nervous System > Flashcards

The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

the chemical messengers of the nervous system

A

Neurotransmitters

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2
Q

the chemical messengers of the endocrine system

A

Hormones

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3
Q

What 2 things make up the CNS vs the PNS?

A

CNS = Brain + Spinal Cord
PNS = Spinal Nerves + Cranial Nerves

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4
Q

the basic functional units of the nervous system that respond to stimuli and conduct impulses from one part of the cell to another

A

Neurons

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5
Q

the cell body of a neuron

A

Perikaryon (Soma)

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6
Q

neuron extensions involved in afferent processes

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

neuron extensions involved in efferent processes

A

Axons (Nerve Fibers)

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8
Q

a sheath of fatty substance that cover axons and works with nodes of Ranvier to enhance the speed of impulse conduction

A

Myelin Sheath

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9
Q

small gaps in the myelin sheath between adjacent glial cells that work with the myelin to enhance the speed of impulse conduction

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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10
Q

specialized glial cells whose cell membranes makes up the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord

A

Oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

specialized glial cells that make up the myelin sheath in nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

A

Schwann Cells

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12
Q

nervous tissue made up of many myelinated axons

A

White Matter

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13
Q

nervous tissue made up largely of neuron somas

A

Grey Matter

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14
Q

neurons that carry signals of touch, taste and sensation to the brain

A

Sensory Neurons

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15
Q

neurons which carry instructions from the brain to the muscles, causing them to move

A

Motor Neurons

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16
Q

motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system

A

Lower Motor Neurons

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17
Q

motor neurons carrying signals that initiate body movement from nuclei in the brain

A

Upper Motor Neurons

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18
Q

How many types of motor neurons are there and what are they called?

A
  1. Upper Motor Neurons
  2. Lower Motor Neurons
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19
Q

neurons that carry signals between neurons

A

Interneurons

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20
Q

cells that structurally and functionally support and protect neurons so the neurons can do their jobs as well as outnumber neurons 10:1

A

Neuroglia (Glial Cells)

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21
Q

conduct nerve impulses toward the CNS

A

Afferent (Sensory) Nerve Fibers

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22
Q

Afferent vs Efferent
Sensory vs Motor

A

Afferent > Sensory
Efferent > Motor

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23
Q

conduct nerve impulses away from the CNS

A

Efferent (Motor) Nerve Fibers

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24
Q

a nerve that contains only afferent nerve fibers

A

Sensory Nerve

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25
Q

a nerve that contains only efferent nerve fibers

A

Motor Nerve

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26
Q

nerve fibers that contain both afferent and efferent nerve fibers

A

Mixed Nerves

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27
Q

What 2 places are mixed nerves found?

A
  1. Most nerves in the PNS
  2. Nerve tracts in the CNS
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28
Q

the system that controls and coordinates voluntary control of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

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29
Q

nerves that control the voluntary initiation of efferent impulses

A

Somatic Motor Nerve

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30
Q

nerves that send impulses to the CNS from receptors in the muscles, skin, eyes, or ears that are consciously perceived by the brain

A

Somatic Sensory Nerve

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31
Q

the system that controls and coordinates the self-regulation of necessary bodily functions

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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32
Q

nerves that control the involuntary initiation of efferent impulses

A

Autonomic Motor Nerve

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33
Q

nerves that receive the afferent sensory impulses from sensory receptors used to self-regulate necessary bodily functions

A

Autonomic Sensory Nerve

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34
Q

Give an example of:
1. Somatic Motor Nerve
2. Somatic Sensory Nerve
3. Autonomic Motor Nerve
4. Autonomic Sensory Nerve

A
  1. Somatic Motor Nerve = Animal turning its head in response to owner calling its name
  2. Somatic Sensory Nerve = Animal feeling you petting them
  3. Autonomic Motor Nerve = Digestion
  4. Autonomic Sensory Nerve = The body feeling the stomach stretch to tell the brain to initiate digestion
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35
Q

the state when a neuron is not being stimulated but is still working to maintain this state

A

Resting State

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36
Q

the difference in electrical charges across a neuron cell membrane in which the inside is more negative than the outside

A

Resting Membrane Potential

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37
Q

What is the standard resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV

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38
Q

the opening of neuron sodium channels that causes a sudden influx of sodium ions into the cell

A

Depolarization

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39
Q

the significant change in electrical charge within a neuron from negative to positive due to an influx of Na+ ions

A

Action Potential

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40
Q

the opening of neuron potassium channels that causes a sudden outflux of potassium ions from the cell

A

Repolarization

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41
Q

Explain the conduction of an action potential in 5 steps

A
  1. Cell membrane is polarized (resting state)
  2. Stimulus changes the membrane potential voltage > Threshold reached
  3. Nerve impulse is generated > Na+ channels open along the cell membrane of the entire neuron > Na+ passively flow in (depolarization)
  4. K+ channels open > K+ passively flow out > cell membrane returns to resting potential (repolarization)
  5. Sodium-Potassium Pump returns the Na+ and K+ to their appropriate sides of the membrane
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42
Q

the membrane potential voltage that must be reached in order to generate a nerve impulse

A

Threshold

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43
Q

a stimulus of sufficient intensity to generate a nerve impulse

A

Threshold Stimulus

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44
Q

when an initial stimulus causes a wave of the opening of sodium channels along the cell membrane of the entire neuron

A

Conduction of the Action Potential (Wave of Depolarization / Nerve Impulse)

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45
Q

the phenomenon in which a complete neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength or it does not depolarize at all

A

All-or-Nothing Principle

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46
Q

the very brief phase during and after a neuron has generated a nerve impulse and cannot generate another

A

Refractory Period

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47
Q

the part of the refractory period involving the sodium influx and early potassium outflux in which no stimulus, no matter how strong, can cause the cell to depolarize again

A

Absolute Refractory Period

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48
Q

the part of the refractory period involving a very strong stimulus arriving during the tail end of the repolarization in which the cell may depolarize again

A

Relative Refractory Period

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49
Q

the rapid process of conducting an action potential via the depolarization wave in the myelinated axon that skips from one node of Ranvier to the next

A

Saltatory Conduction

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50
Q

a drug injected into superficial areas of the body to block the conduction of sensations from that area

A

Local Anesthetic

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51
Q

a local anesthetic molecule that prevents the sensory neuron from depolarizing by clogging and blocking the sodium channels

A

Lidocaine

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52
Q

the perpetuation of nerve impulse from one neuron to the next cell via the release of a chemical to stimulate the next cell

A

Synaptic Transmission

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53
Q

the junctions between 2 neurons or a neuron and a target cell

A

Synapse

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54
Q

the physical gap between the 2 cells

A

Synaptic Cleft

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55
Q

the neuron bringing the nerve impulse to the synapse and releasing the neurotransmitter to stimulate the next cell

A

Presynaptic Neuron

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56
Q

the chemical released into the synaptic cleft to stimulate the next cell

A

Neurotransmitter

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57
Q

a branched structure at the end of the axon of a presynaptic neuron

A

Telodendron

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58
Q

the enlarged bulb at the end of telodendron containing mitochondria, calcium channels, and vesicles containing neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic Knob

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59
Q

the neuron containing receptors the receive and bind to the neurotransmitters in order to initiate the impulse

A

Postsynaptic Neuron

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60
Q

specialized proteins on the postsynaptic membrane that bind to specific neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft in order to trigger changes in the postsynaptic cell

A

Receptors

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61
Q

Name the 2 types of neurotransmitters that affect postsynaptic membranes

A
  1. Excitatory Neurotransmitters
  2. Inhibitory Neurotransmitters
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62
Q

neurotransmitters that cause an influx of sodium into the postsynaptic membrane to move the membrane toward threshold and trigger a new nerve impulse

A

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

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63
Q

neurotransmitters that cause the opening of chloride or potassium channels in order to hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane and move the membrane charge away from the required threshold

A

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

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64
Q

a catecholamine neurotransmitter associated with arousal and fight-or-flight reactions of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

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65
Q

a catecholamine neurotransmitter released primarily from the adrenal medulla and plays more of a role as a hormone in the fight-or-flight reactions of the sympathetic nervous system

A

Epinephrine

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66
Q

a catecholamine neurotransmitter in the brain involved with autonomic functions and muscle control

A

Dopamine

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67
Q

an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the brain

A

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

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68
Q

a tranquilizer that works to inhibit activity in the brain and producing reduced anxiety with sedation (drowsiness) aka enhancing the GABA effects on the brain

A

Diazepam (Valium)

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69
Q

an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the spinal cord

A

Glycine

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70
Q

a neurotransmitter that can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending on its location in the body

A

Acetylcholine

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71
Q

a common antiparasitic drug that causes an increased inhibitory neurotransmitter effect

A

Ivermectin

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72
Q

The stopping and recycling of neurotransmitters are achieved by what?

A

Enzymes

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73
Q

an enzyme in the postsynaptic membrane that breaks down acetylcholine so the components can be reabsorbed by the synaptic knob, reassembled into new acetylcholine molecules, and repackaged into vesicles for the next depolarization

A

Acetylcholinesterase

74
Q

an enzyme in the synaptic knob that breaks down reabsorbed norepinephrine into its components

A

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

75
Q

an enzyme that breaks down any norepinephrine not reabsorbed into the synaptic knob

A

catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)

76
Q

the nerve poison found in the skin of poison dart frogs

A

Curare

77
Q

What are the 4 sections of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Brainstem
78
Q

the area of the brain that receives and interprets sensory information, initiates conscious nerve impulses to skeletal muscles, and integrates neuron activity associated with higher order behaviors and behaviors associated with conscious activity

A

Cerebrum

79
Q

The largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

80
Q

the most superficial layer of the cerebrum made of grey matter

A

Cerebral Cortex

81
Q

the set of fibers that connects the 2 halves of the cerebral cortex made of white matter

A

Corpus Callosum

82
Q

the folds of the cerebral cortex

A

Gyri (sg. Gyrus)

83
Q

the deep grooves of the cerebral cortex

A

Fissures

84
Q

the most prominent groove in cerebral cortex that divides the cerebrum into hemispheres

A

Longitudinal Fissures

85
Q

the shallow grooves of the cerebral cortex that divide the cerebral hemispheres into lobes

A

Sulci (sg. Sulcus)

86
Q

regions of the cerebral hemispheres that specialize in certain functions

A

Lobes

87
Q

a projection of tissue on the rostral and ventral surface of the brain which receives and processes sensory signals from the nose

A

Olfactory Lobe

88
Q

the cavity within each hemisphere of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced

A

Lateral Ventricle

89
Q

the area of the brain that controls movement coordination, balance, posture, and complex reflexes by using sensory feedback to keep informed on the location of the body and its parts

A

Cerebellum

90
Q

the most superficial layer of the cerebellum that consists of grey matter

A

Cerebellar Cortex

91
Q

a condition in which voluntary movements become jerky and exaggerated due to a diseased or damaged cerebellum

A

Hypermetria

92
Q

What is a clinical sign of hypermetria?

A

Goose-step gait > lifting and placing of the foot becomes exaggerated

93
Q

the nervous system passageway between the brainstem and the cerebrum

A

Diencephalon

94
Q

the relay station for regulating sensory inputs to the cerebrum

A

Thalamus

95
Q

the interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system and plays a major role in temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and components of anger responses

A

Hypothalamus

96
Q

the endocrine gland that regulates production and release of hormones throughout the body

A

Pituitary Gland

97
Q

the connection between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord that is heavily involved in autonomic control functions of the body

A

Brainstem

98
Q

List the 3 components of the brainstem

A
  1. Medulla Oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
99
Q

The brainstem is involved in what 5 autonomic control functions?

A
  1. HR
  2. Respiration
  3. Vasomotor Control
  4. Swallowing
  5. Vomiting
100
Q

blood vessel diameter control

A

Vasomotor Control

101
Q

the 3 vascular connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

102
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers?

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia Material
103
Q

the tough, fibrous and outermost meningeal layer

A

Dura Mater

104
Q

the delicate, web-like meningeal layer

A

Arachnoid

105
Q

the thin meningeal layer directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord

A

Pia Mater

106
Q

the area between the dura mater and the arachnoid meninges composed of fluid, fat, and connective tissue that provide some cushioning

A

Subdural Space

107
Q

the area between the arachnoid and pia mater meninges composed of fluid, fat, and connective tissue that provide some cushioning

A

Subarachnoid Space

108
Q

the inflammation of the connective tissue layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord that typically result from viral or bacterial infection

A

Meningitis

109
Q

the clear, slippery fluid circulating between layers of the meninges, through brain ventricles, and through the spinal cord central canal that function to protect these structures

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

110
Q

the process used to take a sample of CSF in order to examine it for particular types of cells or specific changes in composition and diagnose certain nervous system diseases or cancers

A

CSF Tap

111
Q

the functional barricade separating the capillaries in the brain from the nervous tissue itself to protect the brain from poisons circulating in the bloodstream

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

112
Q

the openings between the cells of capillary walls except those capillaries found in the brain

A

Fenestrations

113
Q

a special set of 12 nerves in the PNS that originate directly from the brain that may contain axons of motor neurons, axons of sensory neurons, or combinations of both

A

Cranial Nerves

114
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

115
Q

List the 12 cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducent
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
116
Q

Name the 4 cranial nerves that are both sensory and motor

A
  1. Trigeminal
  2. Facial
  3. Glossopharyngeal
  4. Vagus
117
Q

List the types (sensory, motor, or both) of the following cranial nerves:
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducent
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal

A
  1. Olfactory - sensory
  2. Optic - sensory
  3. Oculomotor - motor
  4. Trochlear - motor
  5. Trigeminal - both
  6. Abducent - motor
  7. Facial - both
  8. Vestibulocochlear - sensory
  9. Glossopharyngeal - both
  10. Vagus - both
  11. Accessory - motor
  12. Hypoglossal motor
118
Q

Cranial nerve involved with smell

A

Olfactory

119
Q

Cranial nerve involved with vision

A

Optic

120
Q

Cranial nerve involved with eye movement, pupil size, focusing the lens

A

Oculomotor

121
Q

Cranial nerves involved with eye movement

A
  1. Oculomotor
  2. Trochlear
  3. Abducent
122
Q

Cranial nerve involved with chewing and sensations from the head and teeth

A

Trigeminal

123
Q

Cranial nerve involved with taste, tears, salivation, and face and scalp movement

A

Facial

124
Q

Cranial nerve involved with balance and hearing

A

Vestibulocochlear

125
Q

Cranial nerve involved with tongue movement, swallowing, salivation, and taste

A

Glossopharyngeal

126
Q

Cranial nerve involved with sensations from the GI tract and respiratory tree and movement of the larynx, pharynx, PaSNS organs, abdominal organs and thoracic organs

A

Vagus

127
Q

Cranial nerve involved with head movement and support movement with the Vagus nerve

A

Accessory

128
Q

Cranial nerve involved with tongue movement

A

Hypoglossal

129
Q

Cranial nerves involved with taste and salivation

A
  1. Facial
  2. Glossopharyngeal
130
Q

Cranial nerves involved with tongue movement

A
  1. Glossopharyngeal
  2. Hypoglossal
131
Q

the caudal continuation of the brainstem outside the skull that conducts sensory information and motor instructions between the brain and the periphery of the body

A

Spinal Cord

132
Q

the innermost part of the spinal cord consisting of grey matter through which the central canal runs

A

Medulla

133
Q

the passageway in the middle of the medulla that runs the length of the spinal and contains cerebrospinal fluid

A

Central Canal

134
Q

the outermost layer of the spinal cord made of white matter

A

Spinal Cortex

135
Q

located between each pair of adjacent vertebrae that link the spinal cord to peripheral nerves and contain afferent nerve fibers

A

Dorsal Nerve Roots

136
Q

located between each pair of adjacent vertebrae that link the spinal cord to peripheral nerves and contain efferent nerve fibers

A

Ventral Nerve Roots

137
Q

the region of the spinal cord’s grey matter butterfly where the neurons that process and carry afferent nerve impulses to the brain or other parts of the spinal cord are located

A

Dorsal Horns

138
Q

the region of the spinal cord’s grey matter butterfly where the neurons that process and carry efferent nerve impulses to spinal nerves are located

A

Ventral Horns

139
Q

the spinal nerve found medial to the scapula on each side of the body that is involved with controlling the thoracic limbs, and is formed from the fusion of the ventral branches of several spinal nerves

A

Brachial Plexus

140
Q

List the 4 nerves that exit the brachial plexus

A
  1. Axillary Nerve
  2. Radial Nerve
  3. Median Nerve
  4. Ulnar Nerve
141
Q

the nerve exiting the brachial plexus that supplies the muscles that flex the shoulder and the skin over the cranial surface of the elbow

A

Axillary Nerve

142
Q

the nerve exiting the brachial plexus that supplies the lateral surface of the humerus and the cranial-lateral surface of the foreleg and foot

A

Radial Nerve

143
Q

the nerve exiting the brachial plexus that supplies the medial surface of the foreleg and the palmar surface of the foot

A

Median Nerve

144
Q

the nerve exiting the brachial plexus that supplies the caudal surface of the foreleg and palmar surface of the foot

A

Ulnar Nerve

145
Q

the spinal nerve involved with controlling the pelvic limbs

A

Lumbosacral Plexus

146
Q

List the 3 nerves that exit the lumbosacral plexus

A
  1. Femoral Nerve
  2. Obturator Nerve
  3. Ischiatic (Sciatic) Nerve
147
Q

the nerve exiting the lumbosacral plexus that supplies the cranial muscles of the femur and sensory nerves to the medial surface of the thigh and hindlimb

A

Femoral Nerve

148
Q

the nerve exiting the lumbosacral plexus that supplies primarily the muscles of the medial thigh

A

Obturator Nerve

149
Q

the nerve exiting the lumbosacral plexus that passes over the hip joint and travels down the caudal-lateral surface of the thigh to supply the caudal thigh muscles

A

Ischiatic (Sciatic Nerve)

150
Q

the introduction of anesthetic drugs into the space between the spinal cord dura mater and the surrounding bone

A

Epidural Anesthesia

151
Q

a contrast radiography procedure involving the injection of radiopaque dye into the spinal cord subarachnoid space to identify the existence of a ruptured disc

A

Myelography

152
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous System
  2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
153
Q

the division of the autonomic nervous system that helps the body cope with emergency situations

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

154
Q

the division of the autonomic nervous system that brings the body back to its resting state and facilitates all the processes that will replace body resources used up during an emergency

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

155
Q

Name 2 neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  1. Norepinephrine
  2. Epinephrine
156
Q

What type of neurons secrete the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenergic Neurons

157
Q

Name a neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

158
Q

Name 3 adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  1. Alpha1-adrenergic receptors
  2. Beta1-adrenergic receptors
  3. Beta2-adrenergic receptors
159
Q

receptors associated with the sympathetic nervous system that cause vasoconstriction of the skin, GI tract, kidney

A

Alpha1-adrenergic receptors

160
Q

receptors associated with the sympathetic nervous system that increase the heart rate and force of contraction

A

Beta1-adrenergic receptors

161
Q

receptors associated with the sympathetic nervous system that cause bronchodilation

A

Beta2-adrenergic receptors

162
Q

Name 2 cholinergic receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  1. Nicotinic Receptors
  2. Muscarinic Receptors
163
Q

receptors found primarily on the postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, as well as between motor neurons and muscles in the somatic motor system

A

Nicotinic Receptors

164
Q

receptors found on the target organs and tissues supplies by the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Muscarinic Receptors

165
Q

a rapid, automatic response to stimuli designed to protect the body and maintain homeostasis

A

Reflex

166
Q

List the 2 types of reflexes

A
  1. Somatic
  2. Autonomic
167
Q

reflexes that involve contraction of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Reflexes

168
Q

List the 2 types of somatic reflexes

A
  1. Contralateral Reflexes
  2. Ipsilateral Reflexes
169
Q

reflexes that start on one side and travel to the opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral Reflexes

170
Q

reflexes in which the stimulus and the response are on the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral Reflexes

171
Q

reflexes that regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and endocrine glands

A

Autonomic Reflexes

172
Q

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action

A

Reflex Arc

173
Q

Name 3 somatic reflexes commonly evaluated in vet medicine

A
  1. Stretch Reflex
  2. Withdrawal Reflex
  3. Crossed Extensor Reflex
174
Q

the ipsilateral reflex that results in the contraction of a muscle that occurs in response to its stretch

A

Stretch Reflex

175
Q

the sensory receptor in the stretch reflex arc

A

Muscle Spindle

176
Q

the multisynaptic reflex arc that results in the rapid removal of a limb or flexion of a joint after touching a painful stimulus

A

Withdrawal Reflex

177
Q

the contralateral reflex in which the afferent sensory impulse crosses to the other side of the spinal cord and stimulates the muscles that extend the opposite limb

A

Crossed Extensor Reflex

178
Q

a reaction when a muscle contracts with more force and produce more limb movement that normal

A

Hyperreflexive

179
Q

a reaction when a muscle contracts with less force or produces no movement altogether

A

Hyporeflexive

180
Q

a reflex that produces a blink of the eyelids when the medial canthus of the eye is tapped

A

Palpebral Reflex

181
Q

Reflexes are routinely tested in clinical settings. Name 2

A
  1. Assessing an animal for depth of anesthesia
  2. Performing a physical exam
182
Q

a reflex that produces the constriction of both pupils when light shines in one or both of the animal’s eyes to protect the retina by reducing the amount of light entering

A

Pupillary Light Reflex

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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