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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Endocrine glands have ducts

A

False

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2
Q

List the 3 chemical categories of animal hormones

A
  1. Peptide Hormones
  2. Steroid Hormones
  3. Monoamine Hormones
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3
Q

hydrophilic hormones made of amino acid chains, whose associated receptors are located on the cell membranes of their target cells

A

Peptide Hormones

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4
Q

hydrophobic hormones made of cholesterol-synthesized lipids, whose associated target cell receptors are intracellular

A

Steroid Hormones

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5
Q

hormones that can be either hydrophobic or hydrophilic and are derived from amino acids

A

Monoamine Hormones

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6
Q

the portion of steroid hormone molecules attached to transport protein molecules

A

Bound Hormone

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7
Q

the portion of steroid hormone molecules not attached to transport proteins and is the only form of the hormone that can leave the bloodstream to reach a target cell

A

Unbound (Free) Hormone

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8
Q

Give 3 examples of monoamine hormones

A
  1. Epinephrine - catecholamine
  2. Norepinephrine - catecholamine
  3. Thyroid hormones
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9
Q

Give 5 examples of steroid hormones

A
  1. Androgens
  2. Estrogens
  3. Glucocorticoid hormones
  4. Mineralocorticoid hormones
  5. Progestins
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10
Q

Give 5 examples of peptide hormones

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  2. Insulin
  3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. Prolactin
  5. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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11
Q

a mechanism used to control and regulate processes by utilizing the consequences of the process to regulate the rate at which the process occurs

A

Feedback System

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12
Q

the type of hormone feedback when the activity is decreased by rising levels of the hormone

A

Negative Feedback

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13
Q

the type of hormone feedback when the activity is increased by falling levels of the hormone

A

Positive Feedback

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14
Q

What is the most common type of feedback system in the body?

A

Negative Feedback

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15
Q

Give an example of when positive hormonal feedback is used in the body

A

Female estrous cycle

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16
Q

What 2 ways are hormone secretion controlled?

A
  1. Feedback system
  2. Direct stimulation from the nervous system
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17
Q

Give an example of when hormone secretion is controlled by direct stimulation from the nervous system

A

Fight or Flight Response

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18
Q

List the 7 major endocrine glands

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary Gland
  3. Thyroid Gland
  4. Parathyroid Gland
  5. Adrenal Glands
  6. Pancreas
  7. Gonads
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19
Q

What are the 4 functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Appetite control
  2. Body temperature regulation
  3. Wake-sleep cycle controls
  4. Links the conscious mind with the rest of the body
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20
Q

a system of tiny blood vessels that links the hypothalamus with the anterior portion of the pituitary gland

A

Portal System

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21
Q

a hypothalamic hormone that causes the anterior pituitary to produce and release a particular hormone

A

Releasing Factors

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22
Q

a hypothalamic hormone that inhibits the anterior pituitary from producing and releasing a particular hormone

A

Inhibiting Factors

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23
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

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24
Q

the pocket in the sphenoid bone that houses the hypophysis

A

Pituitary Fossa

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25
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis

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26
Q

What is the function of the adenohypophysis?

A

To produce 7 different hormones when stimulated by the hypothalamus and direct feedback from target organs and tissues

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27
Q

List the 7 hormones produced by the adenohypophysis

A
  1. Growth hormone (GH)
  2. Prolactin
  3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  5. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  6. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  7. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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28
Q

the hormone that promotes growth of bone and muscle, as well as regulates the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in all of the body’s cells

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

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29
Q

too much glucose in the blood due to a lack of sufficient insulin

A

Hyperglycemia

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30
Q

the hormone that helps trigger and maintain lactation

A

Prolactin

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31
Q

the hormone that stimulates the growth and development of the thyroid gland as well as causes it to produce its hormones

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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32
Q

the hormone that stimulates the growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland and the release of some of its hormones

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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33
Q

the hormone that stimulates oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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34
Q

a hormone group, that includes LH and FSH, that stimulates the growth and development of the ovaries and testes

A

Gonadotropin

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35
Q

What effects does FSH have on females vs males?

A

Females:
1. Stimulates oogenesis
2. Stimulates the follicle lining cells to produce and secrete estrogens

Males:
1. Stimulates spermatogenesis

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36
Q

the process in which a single female reproductive cell develops and matures into an ovum in a follicle

A

Oogenesis

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37
Q

a female reproductive cell

A

Oocyte

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38
Q

female sex hormones

A

Estrogens

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39
Q

the development of male reproductive cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

A

Spermatogenesis

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40
Q

a male reproductive cell

A

Spermatozoa

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41
Q

male sex hormones

A

Androgens

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42
Q

the hormone that completes the follicle development process in females and stimulates the testes cells to develop and produce testosterone in males

A

Luteinizing Hormone

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43
Q

What is LH called in males?

A

Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)

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44
Q

the rupture of a mature follicle and subsequent release of the reproductive cell in females

A

Ovulation

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45
Q

an endocrine structure developed from the remaining follicle cells after ovulation that produces progesterone

A

Corpus Luteum

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46
Q

a hormone produced by the corpus luteum that is necessary to maintain a pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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47
Q

cells in the testes that produce testosterone

A

Interstitial Cells

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48
Q

What is the primary androgen?

A

Testosterone

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49
Q

a hormone associated with the control of rapid color and pattern changes in pigment cells of reptiles, fish, and amphibians

A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

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50
Q

What is another name for the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Neurohypophysis

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51
Q

What is the function of the neurohypophysis?

A

Its nerve endings store and release antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin produced in the hypothalamus

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52
Q

the hormone produced by the hypothalamus that prevents the loss of large quantities of water in the urine by causing the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urine they are producing back into the bloodstream

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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53
Q

What is another name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

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54
Q

the loss of large quantities of water in the urine

A

Diuresis

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55
Q

What triggers the release of ADH?

A

Increased osmotic pressure in the blood due to dehydration > hypothalamus detects the hemoconcentration

56
Q

excessive production of very dilute urine

A

Polyuria

57
Q

excessive thirst

A

Polydipsia

58
Q

the hormone that targets the uterus during breeding and parturition, as well as the mammary glands postpartum

A

Oxytocin

59
Q

How does oxytocin affect the uterus during breeding?

A

Causes contraction of the myometrium > aids the transport of spermatozoa to the oviducts

60
Q

the uterine muscle

A

Myometrium

61
Q

How does oxytocin affect the uterus during parturition?

A

Stimulates strong contractions of myometrium > aids the delivery of the fetus + placenta

62
Q

How does oxytocin affect active mammary glands?

A

Stimulates myoepithelial cells around alveoli + small ducts to contract > milk squeezes down to lower part of the gland

63
Q

the movement of milk down to the lower parts of the gland initiated by oxytocin

A

Milk Let-Down

64
Q

the thyroid hormone precursor in the follicle globule

A

Colloid

65
Q

What 2 hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A
  1. Thyroid Hormone
  2. Calcitonin
66
Q

The thyroid hormone is actually how many hormones? What are they?

A
  1. T4 (thyroxine)
  2. T3 (triiodothyronine)
67
Q

the hormone produced by the thyroid that helps regulate blood calcium levels by preventing hypercalcemia

A

Calcitonin

68
Q

the hormone that helps maintain blood calcium homeostasis by preventing hypocalcemia

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

69
Q

What 3 things does PTH do to prevent hypocalcemia?

A
  1. Causes kidneys to retain Ca+
  2. Causes the intestine to absorb Ca+ from food
  3. Withdrawal of Ca+ from bones
70
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Cranial end of the kidneys

71
Q

How many adrenal glands are there?

A

2 - Left and Right (each with 2 glands within them)

72
Q

List the 2 adrenal glands

A
  1. Adrenal Cortex
  2. Adrenal Medulla
73
Q

the sub-gland of the adrenal glands that produces glucocorticoid hormones, mineralocorticoid hormones and sex hormones

A

Adrenal Cortex

74
Q

List the 3 steroid hormone groups produced by the adrenal cortex

A
  1. Glucocorticoid hormones
  2. Mineralocorticoid hormones
  3. Sex hormones
75
Q

the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that have a hyperglycemic effect, help maintain blood pressure and help the body resist the effects of stress

A

Glucocorticoid Hormones

76
Q

causing blood glucose levels to rise

A

Hyperglycemic Effect

77
Q

the process of converting catabolized proteins and lipids into glucose in the liver

A

Gluconeogenesis

78
Q

Give 3 examples of glucocorticoid hormones

A
  1. Cortisol
  2. Cortisone
  3. Corticosterone
79
Q

the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that regulate levels of electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions, in the body

A

Mineralocorticoid hormones

80
Q

the main mineralocorticoid hormone, whose target is the kidney, that affects levels of sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions in the body

A

Aldosterone

81
Q

How does aldosterone affect sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ion levels?

A
  1. Causes Na+ ions in water > reabsorbed from the urine back into the bloodstream
  2. K+ and H+ ions > pass out of the body in the urine
82
Q

the sub-gland of the adrenal glands that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal Medulla

83
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

A

Prepares the body for intense physical activity via stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system

84
Q

the first portion of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

85
Q

Which endocrine organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A

Pancreas

86
Q

clumps of cells scattered throughout the pancreas that produce glucagon, insulin and somatostatin

A

islets of Langerhans

87
Q

What are the 3 main endocrine cells of pancreatic islets and what do they produce?

A
  1. Alpha Cells - produce glucagon
  2. Beta cells - produce insulin
  3. Delta cells - produce somatostatin
88
Q

What are the 3 hormones secreted by the pancreas?

A
  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Somatostatin
89
Q

the pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

90
Q

the pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon

91
Q

the pancreatic hormone that inhibits the secretion of insulin, glucagon, and GH as well as diminishes the activity of the GI tract

A

Somatostatin

92
Q

the main androgen produced by interstitial cells

A

Testosterone

93
Q

Give the 3 main hormone groups produced in the ovaries

A
  1. Estrogens
  2. Progestins
  3. Relaxin
94
Q

the female sex hormones responsible for the physical and behavioral changes that prepare the female for breeding and pregnancy and signal the male that the time for breeding is approaching

A

Estrogens

95
Q

the female sex hormones produced by the corpus luteum that help prepare the uterus to receive the fertilized ovum and is necessary for pregnancy to be maintained once the fertilized ovum implants in the uterus

A

Progestins

96
Q

the primary progestin hormone

A

Progesterone

97
Q

the female sex hormone that causes the ligaments between the bones surrounding the birth canal to soften in preparation for parturition, as well as play a role in mammary development in some species

A

Relaxin

98
Q

a condition in which a young animal does not grow normally due to a deficiency in GH

A

Dwarfism

99
Q

a form of gigantism often caused by a pituitary gland tumor and excess GH

A

Acromegaly

100
Q

a synthetic GH-like drug used to increase milk production in dairy cows

A

Bovine Somatotropin (BST)

101
Q

a nonneoplastic noninflammatory enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by an iodine deficiency

A

Goiter

102
Q

overdevelopment

A

Hyperplasia

103
Q

a condition characterized by deficiency of thyroid hormone most commonly seen in dogs

A

Hypothyroidism

104
Q

How do you treat hypothyroidism?

A

T4 (thyroxine) supplements forever

105
Q

a condition characterized by excess thyroid hormone most commonly seen in cats

A

Hyperthyroidism

106
Q

What is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?

A

Thyroidectomy or long-term thyroid-inhibiting drugs

107
Q

a hypocalcemia condition in lactating cattle that causes disturbances in skeletal muscle function

A

Milk Fever

108
Q

the term for a cattle that lies down and cannot get back up due to severe milk fever

A

Downer Cow

109
Q

the condition caused by hypocalcemia that is categorized by muscle tremors and spasms that can progress to seizures if left untreated

A

Eclampsia

110
Q

a condition that results from an overproduction of glucocorticoid hormones by the adrenal cortex

A

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Disease)

111
Q

a progressive condition that results from a deficiency of adrenocortical hormones and whose effects can be mimicked if long-term corticosteroids drugs are suddenly stopped

A

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s Disease)

112
Q

a class of drugs commonly used therapeutically in animals for their anti-inflammatory effect

A

Corticosteroids

113
Q

List a few side effects of corticosteroids

A
  1. Suppression of the immune system
  2. WBC count alteration
  3. Slow wound healing
  4. Catabolic effect
  5. Premature parturition
  6. Hyperglycemia
  7. Suppression of adrenal cortex stimulation
  8. Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism
114
Q

term meaning “caused by treatment”

A

Iatrogenic

115
Q

a disease caused by a deficiency of insulin that results in hyperglycemia and glucosuria

A

Diabetes Mellitus

116
Q

glucose in the urine

A

Glycosuria

117
Q

the endocrine organ that produces the hormone erythropoietin

A

Kidneys

118
Q

the hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of oxygen-carrying RBCs and help maintain blood oxygen homeostasis

A

Erythropoietin

119
Q

a condition characterized by a decrease in blood oxygen

A

Hypoxia

120
Q

the condition characterized by a red blood cell deficiency and typically accompanies serious kidney disease or kidney failure due to the damaged kidneys inability to produce enough erythropoietin

A

Anemia

121
Q

What is the treatment for kidney failure?

A

Blood transfusion

122
Q

the endocrine organ the produces the hormone gastrin via the cells in the organ wall

A

Stomach

123
Q

the hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates gastric glands to secrete hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, as well as encourages muscular contractions of the stomach wall

A

Gastrin

124
Q

the endocrine organ that produces secretin and cholecystokinin

A

Small Intestine

125
Q

the hormone produced by the small intestine that stimulates the pancreas to secrete fluid rich in sodium bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach

A

Secretin

126
Q

the hormone produced by the small intestine that stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas into the duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

127
Q

the endocrine organ that secretes hormones that help support and maintain pregnancy and vary based on species

A

Placenta

128
Q

What endocrine organ secretes chorionic gonadotropin?

A

Placenta

129
Q

the endocrine organ that plays an important role in the development of a young animal’s immune system, but atrophies and disappears after puberty

A

Thymus

130
Q

How do thymosin and thymopoietin interact with the thymus?

A

Thymosin + thymopoietin cause primitive cells in the thymus to change into T lymphocytes (T cells)

131
Q

the endocrine organ that produces melatonin and influences cyclic activities in the body

A

Pineal Body

132
Q

a hormone produced by the pineal body that affects moods, wake-sleep cycles, and timing of seasonal estrous cycles of some species

A

Melatonin

133
Q

hormonelike substances derived from unsaturated fatty acids that are produced and exert their effects within a variety of body tissues

A

Prostaglandins (Tissue Hormones)

134
Q

How do prostaglandins differ from normal hormones?

A

They only regulate activities of neighboring cells

135
Q

How many prostaglandins are there and how are they organized?

A

9 main groups
Group Names - Prostaglandins A through I
Subgroups - Subscript numbers and Greek Letters

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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