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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

the process of cells dying in order to form the vital protective barrier that helps enable the animal’s survival

A

Keratinization

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2
Q

What is another name for the Integumentary System

A

The Common Integumentary System

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3
Q

List the 7 functions of the Integument

A
  1. Prevent desiccation
  2. Prevent infection
  3. Thermoregulation - vasoconstriction vs vasodilation
  4. Excretion - water, salt, organic wastes
  5. Sensation - touch + pressure > input to CNS
  6. Vitamin D synthesis
  7. Storage - nutrients
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4
Q

the outer, non-vascular layer of skin that acts as a waterproof shield

A

Epidermis

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5
Q

the deep, vascular layer of skin that makes up the majority of skin

A

Dermis

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6
Q

the 3rd layer of the integument that acts as a thermoinsulator and a mechanical shock absorber

A

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)

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7
Q

separates the two layers of the integument

A

Epithelial Basement Membrane

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8
Q

What are the 4 components of the common integument?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
  3. Hypodermis
  4. Epithelial Basement Membrane
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9
Q

cells in the epidermis that produce a tough, fibrous, waterproof protein that gives skin its resiliency and strength

A

Keratinocytes

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10
Q

What are the majority of cells found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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11
Q

long-reaching cells in the epidermis that produce pigment to be used by keratinocytes

A

Melanocytes

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12
Q

a dark pigment stored in membrane bound granules that is used to protect keratinocytes from UV rays

A

Melanin

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13
Q

membrane-bound granules that store melanin

A

Melanosomes

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14
Q

epidermal-specific macrophages that phagocytize microinvaders and stimulate other aspects of the immune system

A

Langerhans Cells

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15
Q

half-dome cells found at epidermal-dermal junctions that aid in the sensation of touch

A

Merkel Cells

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16
Q

the combination of a Merkel cell and a sensory nerve ending

A

Merkel Disc

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17
Q

What 3 types of cells are commonly affected in skin cancer?

A
  1. Squamous Cells
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Basal Cells
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18
Q

List 3 common skin cancers seen in vet med

A
  1. Malignant Melanoma
  2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  3. Basal Cell Tumors
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19
Q

a deadly form of skin cancer that results from abnormal changes in the genetic programming of melanocytes

A

Malignant Melanoma

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20
Q

What species is commonly affected by Malignant Melanoma? What 3 locations do the nodules appear?

A
  1. Aged grey horses
  2. Under tail base, in perianal areas, in the scrotum
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21
Q

a malignant form of skin cancer that is aggressively invasive locally, particularly to local lymph nodes

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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22
Q

What visible symptom does squamous cell carcinoma produce?

A

circular, ulcerated lesions

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23
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is common in what 5 species?

A
  1. Dogs
  2. Cattle
  3. Horses
  4. Cats
  5. Merino ewes
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24
Q

slow-growing tumors that stem from the basement layer of the epidermis, in hair follicles, and in sebaceous glands that do not spread but are recurrent

A

Basal Cell Tumor

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25
Q

What is the most common tumor found on cats?

A

Basal Cell Tumor

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26
Q

List the 5 layers of a Furless Epidermis from deepest to most superficial

A
  1. Stratum basale (basal layer)
  2. Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
  3. Stratum granulosum (granular layer)
  4. Stratum lucidum (clear layer)
  5. Stratum corneum (horny layer)
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27
Q

How many layers do fur-covered and furless epidermises have?

A

Fur-Covered = 3
Furless = 5

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28
Q

knoblike elevations throughout the epidermal surface that are associated with special hairs important in the perception of touch

A

Tactile Elevations (epidermal papillae)

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29
Q

special hairs important in the perception of touch

A

Tactile Hair (tylotrich hairs)

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30
Q

dermatitis caused by tiny mites that live on or in the skin and results in irritation, pruritus (itchiness), and alopecia

A

Mange

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31
Q

How do you diagnose mange?

A
  1. Scrape skin with a DULL scalpel blade
  2. Transfer scrapings to a microscopic slide
  3. Examine via microscope
  4. Diagnose which type of mite it is
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32
Q

long, thin, mange-causing mites with stubby legs that live in hair follicles and sebaceous glands

A

Demodex Mites

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33
Q

round-bodied, mange-causing mites that burrow into oozing raw patches of the skin and result in agonizing itchiness

A

Sarcoptes

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34
Q

the species of mite that causes scabies or mange in humans, dogs, foxes, horses, and cattle

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

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35
Q

small, round-bodied mites that burrow into oozing raw patches of the skin and are common in cats, rats, and rabbits

A

Notoedres

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36
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers found in the dermis?

A
  1. Collagen Fibers
  2. Reticular Fibers
  3. Elastin Fibers
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37
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary Layer - superficial
  2. Reticular Layer - deep
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38
Q

Why are tension lines important for surgeons?

A

Incisions heal best when made in the direction of the bundles > fewer fibers are disrupted > less scar tissue is needed for healing

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39
Q

references on the skin that indicate the separations between collagen fiber bundles of the dermis

A

Tension Lines

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40
Q

references on the skin that indicate areas of bending, typically in joints

A

Dermal Folds (Flexure Lines)

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41
Q

permits the skin to move freely over underlying bone + muscle without putting tension on the skin that would result in tearing

A

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)

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42
Q

a type of touch receptor sensitive to heavier pressure that is found in the hypodermis

A

Pacinian (Lamellated) Corpuscle

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43
Q

the presence or absence of melanin granules in the armlike extensions of the melanocytes

A

Pigmentation

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44
Q

Where do keratinocytes arrange melanin and why?

A
  1. on the side of the cell with the most sun exposure
  2. melanin protects from UV rays
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45
Q

the hormone that dictates the level of pigmentation by controlling the dispersion of melanin granules

A

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

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46
Q

What type of papillae and sweat glands are found on and in paw pads?

A
  1. Conical papillae
  2. Eccrine Sweat Glands
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47
Q

foot pads that reside on the caudal surface of the “wrist”

A

Carpal Pads

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48
Q

the central weight-bearing pads of the feet

A

Metacarpal + Metatarsal Pads

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49
Q

foot pads that protect each of the digits

A

Digital Pads

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50
Q

the top of the nose in cats, pigs, sheep, and dogs

A

Planum Nasale

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51
Q

the muzzle of cows and horses

A

Planum nasolabiale

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52
Q

dark brown, horny structures on the inside of each leg at the carpus of the forearm and at the tarsus of the hind leg

A

Chestnuts

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53
Q

dark brown, horny structures found in the fetlock

A

Ergots

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54
Q

infoldings of the skin containing fine hairs, sebaceous glands, and oil glands that are primarily found on sheep

A

Cutaneous Pouches

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55
Q

List the 3 types of cutaneous pouches commonly found on sheep

A
  1. Infraorbital Pouches
  2. Interdigital Pouches
  3. Inguinal Pouches
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56
Q

infoldings of the skin found in front of the eyes of sheep

A

Infraorbital Pouches

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57
Q

infoldings of the skin found between the digits above the hooves of sheep

A

Interdigital Pouches

58
Q

infoldings of the skin found in the groin of sheep

A

Inguinal Pouches

59
Q

Where is hair thickest and thinnest on the animal body?

A

Thickest - back + sides
Thinnest - abdomen + medial side of proximal limbs

60
Q

the part of the hair that is visible above the skin

A

Shaft

61
Q

the part of the hair buried within the skin

A

Root

62
Q

an invagination of the epidermis that extends from the skin surface to the dermis or hypodermis and anchors the hair

A

Hair Follicle

63
Q

the expanded and deepest part of the hair follicle

A

Hair Bulb

64
Q

rapidly dividing epithelial cells that get nourishment from the blood vessels in the papilla

A

Matrix

64
Q

a vascular mound of dermal cells at the base of the hair bulb that is covered in and nourishes the matrix

A

Papilla

65
Q

a web of nerve endings enveloping the root that act as a touch receptor when the hair is bent

A

Root Hair Plexus

66
Q

an epidermal orifice

A

Pore

67
Q

follicles in which multiple hair strands emerge from a single pore

A

Compound Follicle

68
Q

multiple, shorter hairs found in compound follicles that surround the guard hair

A

Secondary Hairs

69
Q

the innermost layer and central core of hair

A

Medulla

70
Q

the middle layer of hair

A

Cortex

71
Q

the outer layer of hair

A

Cuticle

72
Q

Volume of shedding depends on what 3 things?

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Environment
  3. Hormonal changes
73
Q

the phenomenon in which bitches lose a large percentage of their total hair volume at once after whelping

A

Telogen Effluvium (blowing the coat)

74
Q

the phase of the hair cycle in which cells are continually added to the base of the root, pushing the keratinized epithelial cells away from the papilla, and the hair lengthens

A

Anagen Phase

75
Q

the transition period between the growth and rest phases of the hair cycle

A

Catagen Phase

76
Q

the phase of the hair cycle in which the maximum length of hair is achieved, the hair stops growing, and the hair follicle shortens

A

Telogen Phase

77
Q

Different coat colors are affected by what 4 things?

A
  1. Quantity of melanin - high vs low
  2. Location of melanin - uniform throughout vs bands of pigmentation
  3. Type of melanin - depends on species
  4. Age - melanin product decreases
78
Q

pigmentation in which bands of melanin are formed in hair

A

Agouti Coloring

79
Q

How many types of melanin are produced by horses and dogs?

A

Horse - 1
Dogs - 2

80
Q

a type of melanin produced in dogs that results in yellowish and reddish colors

A

Pheomelanin

81
Q

a type of melanin produced in dogs that result in brown-black colors

A

Tyrosine Melanin

82
Q

a type of hair that is straight or arched, long, and thick and are the dominant hairs in a complex hair follicle

A

Primary (Guard) Hairs

83
Q

a type of hypersensitive hair that is used as feelers due to their sensory endings and can be found around the mouth and the muzzle of many species

A

Tactile (Sinus) Hairs

84
Q

the degree of hair erection that varies between species

A

Implantation Angle

85
Q

a small, smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle, innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, that allows animals to make their hair stand up beyond their normal implantation angle

A

Arrector Pili Muscle

86
Q

a type of allergy caused by inhalant particles such as pollen, dust, and mold spores that can be seasonal or year-round

A

Atopy

87
Q

the white, semiliquid mixture of cellular debris and the oily substance produced by the gland’s alveoli that coats the hair in order to prevent excessive drying

A

Sebum

88
Q

the substance produced by the holocrine sebaceous glands of sheep

A

Lanolin

89
Q

a type of sweat gland that empties directly onto the surface of the skin

A

Eccrine Sweat Gland

90
Q

a type of sweat gland that empties into hair follicles

A

Apocrine Sweat Gland

91
Q

infection of the ear canal

A

Otitis externa

92
Q

an oval region of coarse, oily hairs located at the dorsal base of the tails of felids and canids that aids in the recognition and identification of individual animals

A

Tail Glands

93
Q

Glands sensitive to changes in sex hormone levels and are active during puberty and estrus

A

Tail Glands

94
Q

a reservoir of secretions that are used to transfer the musk of the animal to the environment

A

Anal Sacs

95
Q

hard outer coverings of the distal digits that contains internal vascular tissue

A

Claws

96
Q

the internal, vascular tissue of claws that grows from the distal end of the bone

A

Quick

97
Q

What species have retractable vs nonretractable claws?

A

Most species - nonretractable
Cats - retractable

98
Q

the amputation of the 3rd phalanx in cats that is usually limited to the front feet

A

Declawing

99
Q

the remains of digits that have regressed in the course of evolution

A

Dewclaw

100
Q

hoofed animals

A

Ungulates

101
Q

Scientific name for the hoof

A

Ungula

102
Q

innervated and vascular underlying tissue in claws and hooves

A

Corium

103
Q

innervated and vascular tissue located between the hoof wall and the 3rd phalanx that provides nutrients to the stratum internum

A

Laminar Corium

104
Q

innervated and vascular tissue located in the perioplic sulcus that supplies nutrients to the overlaying periople

A

Perioplic Corium

105
Q

innervated and vascular tissue located in the coronary sulcus and provides nutrients to the stratum externum and stratum medium

A

Coronary Corium

106
Q

innervated and vascular tissue located superior to the sole and provides nutrients to the sole

A

Sole Corium

107
Q

innervated and vascular tissue located superior to the frog and provides nutrients to the frog

A

Frog Corium

108
Q

Where does the hoof continuously grow from?

A

The coronary band

109
Q

the combination of primary and secondary interdigitations that increase contact between the corium and the hoof wall in order to attach the hoof and the coffin bone

A

Laminae

110
Q

Horseshoes have what 4 functions?

A
  1. Prevent excessive hoof expansion, chipping, or cracking
  2. Improves traction
  3. Creates additional barrier between the hoof + ground
  4. Allows horses to be kept in working condition with more regularity
111
Q

the convex, external portion of the hoof that is visible from the anterior, lateral, and medial views

A

Hoof Wall

112
Q

the front of the hoof wall

A

Toe

113
Q

the lateral aspects of the hoof wall

A

Quarters

114
Q

the portion of the hoof wall that tapers downward and wraps around the back of the foot

A

Heels

115
Q

the concaved, innervated, vascular portion of the hoof that fills the space bordered by the walls and the bars and is located on the palmar or plantar surface of the hoof

A

Sole

116
Q

the part of the sole that immediately surrounds the bars

A

Angle

117
Q

a thin strip at the junction of the sole and the hoof wall

A

White Line

118
Q

the insensitive, horny structure located between the heels on the underside of the hoof that is V-shaped

A

Frog

119
Q

the portion of the frog that faces the toe

A

Point (apex)

120
Q

the portion of the frog that runs across the caudal aspect of the foot between the heels

A

Base

121
Q

divides the frog

A

Central Sulcus (cleft)

122
Q

a deep, concave region that separates the frog from the lateral and medial sides of the bars

A

Collateral Sulcus

123
Q

the thick pad of fat and fibrous tissue beneath the frog

A

Digital Cushion

124
Q

the junction of the sole and the frog where the wall turns in from the posterior part of the foot and melds with the frog

A

Bars

125
Q

the soft tissue that covers the heel of the foot just behind the frog

A

Bulb

126
Q

2 large bands that extend proximally from the distal phalanx and act as structural support for the equine foot and work with the frog and digital cushion to pump blood through the foot

A

Lateral Cartilages

127
Q

What are normal hoof angles of the front feet vs hind feet?

A

Front Hooves - 50º
Hind Hooves - 55º

128
Q

keratin masses that emerge from processes of the frontal bones that are epidermal in origin

A

Horns

129
Q

Antlers and horns are found on which sex?

A

Antlers - males
Horns - both

130
Q

hollow extension of the frontal skull bone that communicates with the frontal sinus cavities

A

Horn Core

131
Q

used to manage the horn length of domestic sheep, goats, and cattle

A

Dehorning Process

132
Q

breeds of domestic animals that are bred to be horn free

A

Polled Breeds

133
Q

breeds of animals with horns that are not sex-specific

A

Nonpolled Breeds

134
Q

bony protuberances that emerge from the skull and are dermal in origin

A

Antlers

135
Q

excruciating inflammation of the laminar corium that causes a weakened connection between the hoof and the coffin bone and ultimately can result in the coffin bone slipping to rotate downward

A

Laminitis (Founder)

136
Q

Explain the physiological effects of laminitis

A

Rigid hoof cannot expand to accommodate swelling internally > laminae compresses > inhibits blood flow + circulation in foot > laminae degenerates > coffin bone pulls away from the hoof wall > bone rotates downward > pushes against the sole > can perforate the sole > death in the animal

137
Q

What are 4 predisposing factors to laminitis?

A
  1. Engorgement of foods high in carbs
  2. Any systemic illness or condition that might lead to endotoxemia
  3. The postoperative period > recumbent for extended periods
  4. Adverse reaction to drugs
138
Q

List 4 warning signs of laminitis

A
  1. Shift weight away from front feet to hind legs > alleviate pressure in the toe
  2. Gait is slow + hesitant
  3. HR + RR elevated > from the pain
  4. Strong pain response from a mild tap on the toe with hoof testers
139
Q

What 2 locations are motor nerves found in the skin?

A
  1. Arrector pili muscles
  2. Blood vessel walls

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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