Blood and Circulatory System Flashcards
the blood contained in the cardiovascular system
Whole Blood
whole blood circulating in blood vessels carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials
Peripheral Blood
A blood sample from a vein or artery is what type of blood?
Peripheral Blood
a process in which whole blood samples are obtained from an animal’s vein using a vacuum tube and needle
Venipuncture
What do the different colored stoppers / tops of vacuum tubes indicate?
Which anticoagulant is in the tube - if any
What anticoagulant is in the purple-top vacuum tubes and what does it chelate?
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA)
Chelates to calcium ions
What does chelating mean?
to bind or bind to
What anticoagulant is in the green-top vacuum tubes and what does it chelate?
Heparin
Chelates to antithrombin > which blocks thrombin
Green-top vacuum tubes are used to analyze blood samples from what?
Very small species
What anticoagulant is in the red-top vacuum tubes and what does it chelate?
Does not contain anticoagulants
Serum Separator Tubes are what color vacuum tubes?
Red-Top Vacuum Tubes
How do you collect serum vs plasma samples?
Serum = collect blood sample in vacuum tube with NO anticoagulants
Plasma = collect blood sample in vacuum tube WITH anticoagulants
How many components do serum samples vs plasma samples split into when centrifuged? What are the components?
Serum > 2 components
1. Serum
2. Clot
Plasma > 3 layers
1. Plasma layer
2. Buffy Coat
3. Erythrocyte Layer
the layer in a centrifuged, anticoagulated blood sample that contains the clotting proteins
Plasma Layer
the layer in a centrifuged, anticoagulated blood sample that contains leukocytes and thrombocytes
Buffy Coat
the layer in a centrifuged, anticoagulated blood sample that contains red blood cells
Erythrocyte Layers
the component in a centrifuged, coagulated blood sample that is the fluid on top
Serum
the component in a centrifuged, coagulated blood sample that is all the blood cells entwined in a fibrin clot forced to the bottom
Clot
an iron-containing protein in erythrocytes that transports oxygen throughout the body
Hemoglobin
List the 3 functions of blood
- Transportation
- Regulation
- Defense
the mechanism in which blood transports thrombocytes to sites of damage in blood vessel walls to form a plug that will control bleeding
Hemostasis
the condition in which plasma leaves the bloodstream in order to compensate for low tissue fluid and the cells become more concentrated in the bloodstream
Hemoconcentration
the condition in which excess bodily fluid enters the bloodstream and the plasma dilutes the number of cells in the bloodstream
Hemodilution
What is the functional blood pH range and what is the ideal blood pH?
Range = 7.35 to 7.45
Ideal = 7.4
the production of all blood cells
Hematopoiesis
List the cellular components of plasma
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Thrombocytes
the process by which red blood cells are created
Erythropoiesis
the main hormone that controls the rate of red blood cell formation
Erythropoietin (EPO)
What stimulates erythropoiesis?
Hypoxia
immatures stages of red blood cells that retain their nuclei that may be released in cases of severe anemia, but are not as efficient due to immaturity
Nucleated RBCs (NRBCs)
the process by which platelets are created
Thrombopoiesis
Platelets stem from what?
Pieces of megakaryocyte cytoplasm
the general process by which white blood cells are formed
Leukopoiesis
the process by which a pluripotent stem cell differentiates into one of three types of granulocyte
Granulopoiesis
Granulopoiesis produces what 3 types of cells?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
the process that produces lymphocytes, some of which develop outside the bone marrow
Lymphopoiesis
the formation and maturation of monocytes
Monopoiesis
List the types of:
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes:
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils
Agranulocytes:
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
Describe 4 characteristics of erythrocytes under a microscope
- Non-nucleated
- Biconcave discs
- Thinner central zone
- Stain red - due to hemoglobin
What are the 3 functions of erythrocytes?
- Transporting O2 to tissues
- Transporting CO2 to the lungs
- Maintaining cell shape + deformability
hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it
Oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin once it has given its oxygen to bodily tissues
Deoxyhemoglobin
the flexibility of the cells membrane which allows it to change shape and travel through the various blood vessels in the body
Membrane Deformability
the process of aging
Senescence
intravascular or extravascular oxidative stresses that contribute to the rapid aging and destruction of RBCs and can be exacerbated by certain diseases or toxin in the animal’s body
Free Radicals
the rupture or destruction of red blood cells
Hemolysis
the destruction of RBCs outside the cardiovascular system
Extravascular Hemolysis
the destruction of RBCs within blood vessels
Intravascular Hemolysis
Which type of hemolysis executes most of senescent RBC destruction?
Extravascular Hemolysis
the result when excess unconjugated hemoglobin appears in the plasma as a pink, red or brown color due to there not being enough haptoglobin to bind to all the hemoglobin in the plasma
Hemoglobinemia
when excess unconjugated hemoglobin has no way to get out of the liver so it is brought to the kidney, eliminated in the urine, and makes the urine red in color
Hemoglobinuria
a diagnostic tool used to evaluate plasma proteins, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Complete Blood Count (CBC) / (hemogram)
List the 10 parameters included in a CBC
- Hematocrit (HCT) or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
- Hemoglobin (Hgb) Analysis
- Red Blood Cell Count (RBC)
- Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
- Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
- Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
- Reticulocyte Count (RETIC)
- Total Leukocyte Count (WBC Count)
- Platelet Count (PLT)
- Total Plasma Protein (TP)
the volume of packed erythrocytes measured and expressed as a percentage of a total volume of blood
Hematocrit (HCT) or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
What are the 2 methods for determining HCT and PCV?
- Automated hematology analyzers - HCT
- Gross examination of a centrifuged microhematocrit tube - PCV
a condition that results in an animal’s PCV being lower than the normal reference range which leads to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Anemia
a condition that results in the animal’s PCV being higher than normal or an increase in the number of RBCs above normally
Polycythemia
Give the 3 types of Polycythemia
- Relative Polycythemia
- Compensatory Polycythemia
- Polycythemia rubra vera
the condition in which an animal’s PCV is higher than normal due to dehydration
Relative Polycythemia
What causes relative polycythemia?
Dehydration > less fluid in the blood > hemoconcentration > more RBCs in plasma
the condition in which an animal’s PCV is higher than normal due to hypoxia
Compensatory Polycythemia
What causes compensatory polycythemia?
Hypoxia > bone marrow stimulated > makes more RBCs
a rare bone marrow disorder in which an animal’s PCV is higher than normal due to increased production of red blood cells for an unknown reason
Polycythemia rubra vera
the measurement of the concentration of hemoglobin contained in the red blood cells in a specific volume of blood
Hemoglobin (Hgb) Analysis
the measurement of the number of red blood cells in a specific volume of blood
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC Count)
the measurement of the average volume or size of the individual red blood cells
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
the measurement of the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of red blood cells
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
the numerical expression of variation in red blood cell size
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
variation in size from cell to cell in a blood sample
Anisocytosis
Compare the size of immature RBCs and fully mature RBCs in circulation
immature RBCs are LARGER than fully mature RBCs
the count of the number of immature forms of the red blood cells per a specific total number of red blood cells
Reticulocyte Count (RETIC)
the measurement of the total number of white blood cells in a specific volume of blood
Total Leukocyte Count (WBC Count)
Give the 2 methods of determining WBC count
- Automated hematology analyzer
- Evaluating a stained blood smear
Give the methods for detecting leukocytosis
- Automated hematology analyzer
- Observing the thickness of the buffy coat in a spun microhematocrit tube
an increased # of WBCs in peripheral blood
Leukocytosis
a decreased # of WBCs in peripheral blood
Leukopenia
an increased # of neutrophils in peripheral blood
Neutrophilia
a decreased # of neutrophils in peripheral blood
Neutropenia
an increased # of eosinophils in peripheral blood
Eosinophilia
a decreased # of eosinophils in peripheral blood
Eosinopenia
an increased # of basophils in peripheral blood
Basophilia
a decreased # of basophils in peripheral blood
Basopenia
an increased # of monocytes in peripheral blood
Monocytosis
a decreased # of monocytes in peripheral blood
Monocytopenia
an increased # of lymphocytes in peripheral blood
Lymphocytosis
a decreased # of lymphocytes in peripheral blood
Lymphopenia
the measurement of the total number of thrombocytes in a specific volume of blood sample
Platelet Count (PLT)
the condition in which there is a higher than normal platelet count
Thrombocytosis
the condition in which there is a lower than normal platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
the measurement of the amount of protein in the plasma portion of a specific volume of blood
Total Plasma Protein (TP)
Give the methods of determining TP
- Automated hematology analyzer
- Hand-held refractometer
Polychromatophilic Hematology Stains: a modified Wright’s stain commonly used in clinical practice to stain a blood smear quickly and efficiently
Diff-Quik Stain
Polychromatophilic Hematology Stains: blue dye + red-orange dye + dissolved in methyl alcohol
Wright’s Stain
What does Wright’s Stain stain?
Acidic structures blue or purple
Give 3 characteristics of thrombocytes under a microscope
- Non-nucleated
- Round to oval in shape
- Clear cytoplasm + blue or purple granules
the response to vascular injury during hemostasis in which single thrombocytes bind through specific membrane receptors to cellular and extracellular proteins in the vessel wall and tissues
Platelet Adhesion
the phase of hemostasis in which thrombocytes change shape in the presence of thrombin and develop pseudopods that allow them to intertwine with each other
Platelet Aggregation
a series of reactions that result in inactive enzymes being activated by the preceding enzyme in the cascade
Coagulation Cascade
the process by which a clot is dissolved after the endothelium has been repaired and is achieved by substances produced by the endothelium
Fibrinolysis
small hemorrhages in the skin due to internal bleeding often caused by the absence of platelet adhesion
Petechiae
Clotting factor 1
Fibrinogen
Clotting Factor II
Prothrombin
Clotting Factor III
Tissue Factor
Clotting Factor IV
Calcium
Clotting Factor V
Proaccelerin
Clotting Factor VI
Accelerin
Clotting Factor VII
Proconvertin
Clotting Factor VIII
Antihemophilic Factor A
Clotting Factor IX
Antihemophilic Factor B (Christmas Factor)
Clotting Factor X
Stuart-Prower Factor
Clotting Factor XI
Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent
Clotting Factor XII
Hageman Factor
Clotting Factor XIII
Fibrin Stabilizing Factor
the substance produced by the liver that regulates the number of platelets circulating the body
Thrombopoietin
Leukocyte Characteristics:
Don’t stain well
Polymorphonuclear
Phagocytosis
Early stage of inflammatory response
Neutrophil
Leukocyte Characteristics:
Stain red
Polymorphonuclear
Allergic Reactions
Immunity
Phagocytosis
Eosinophil
Leukocyte Characteristics:
Stain blue
Polymorphonuclear
Initiation of immune and allergic reactions
Basophil
Leukocyte Characteristics:
Don’t stain
Pleomorphic nucleus
Phagocytosis
Process antigens
Monocyte
Leukocyte Characteristics:
Don’t stain
Mononuclear
Antibody production
Humoral immunity
B cell (lymphocyte)
Leukocyte Characteristics:
Don’t stain
Mononuclear
Cytokine production
Cell-mediated immunity
T cell (lymphocyte)
the neutrophil pool that represents the blood as it flows through the blood vessels and is found toward the center of the lumen of the vessel
Circulating Pool
the neutrophil pool that represents neutrophils that line the walls of small blood vessels and are mainly seen in the spleen, lungs, and abdominal organs
Marginal Pool
an immature neutrophil released from the bone marrow that has a horseshoe-shaped nucleus without any segmentation
Band Neutrophil
the condition in which there is a presence of band neutrophils or other immature neutrophils in the peripheral blood
Left Shift
the passage of blood cells through capillary walls into tissues
Diapedesis
the process by which neutrophils and other cells are attracted by inflammatory chemicals produced by the interaction between microorganisms and the tissues they’re invading
Chemotaxis
Makes up the majority of leukocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils are particularly toxic to what 2 things?
- Protozoa
- Worms
Basophil granules contain what 2 things?
- Histamine
- Heparin
What are the 4 types of lymphocytes?
- T cells
- B cells
- Plasma cells
- Natural killer (NK) cells
immunity in which no antibody production is involved and is managed by T cells
Cell-Mediated Immunity
T and B cell clones of an original lymphocyte that wait for an animal to be exposed to the original antigen a 2nd time so their response can be quicker and stronger than the original
Memory Cells
immunity in which B cells transform into plasma cells when they recognize an antigen and release antibodies to fight that antigen
Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
How are plasma cells formed?
Derived from B cells in response to an antigenic stimulus
What are immunoglobulins?
Antibodies
What are 2 cellular changes induced by NK cells?
- Apoptosis
- Lysis
programmed cell death
Apoptosis
the disintegration of a cell by cell membrane rupture
Lysis
NK cells use what 2 receptors to determine which cells to kill?
- Killer-activating receptor (KAR)
- Killer inhibitory receptor (KIR)
the collective of tissue macrophages and monocytes that clean up cellular debris that remain after infection/inflammation clears up and process certain antigens
Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
the anticoagulant that prevents clotting by tying up clotting factor IV
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
lavender cytoplasm in immature RBCs as a result of some metabolic activity occurring that picks up the blue polychromatophilic hematology stain
Polychromasia
excess unconjugated bilirubin in plasma due to excess RBC breakdown
Hyperbilirubinemia
the yellowing of mucous membranes and the sclera
Icterus/Jaundice
the evaluation of a blood smear involving the counting of the first 100 white blood cells observed microscopically and keeping track of the number of each white blood cell type you see
Differential Count (“the diff”)
a condition caused by an abnormal rapid increase of one of the white blood cell types
Leukemia
when a neutrophil nucleus in peripheral blood has more than 5 segments and indicates the neutrophil has stayed in peripheral blood longer than normal
Hypersegmented Nucleus
