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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Intro to A&P > Flashcards

Intro to A&P Flashcards

1
Q

the study of how the body functions

A

Physiology

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2
Q

the study of the form and structure of the animal body and the relationships among its parts

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

Knowing the principles of A&P helps you with what 3 things in vet medicine?

A
  1. Monitor and treat animals more effectively
  2. Perform medical procedures with greater effectiveness and safety for your patients
  3. Improve your communication with vets and other VTs/VAs
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4
Q

the field that studies structures in cells and tissues

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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5
Q

the field that studies body parts large enough to see with the naked eye

A

Gross Anatomy

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6
Q

the study of all the components of each area of the body

A

Regional Anatomy

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7
Q

Give an example of regional anatomy

A
  • Anatomy of the neck region
  • includes all present cervical:
    cells
    tissues
    blood vessels
    nerves
    organs
    bones
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8
Q

studying the systems of the body as separate topics

A

Systemic Anatomy

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9
Q

What are the 11 main body systems?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Integumentary
  3. Nervous
  4. Cardiovascular
  5. Respiratory
  6. Digestive
  7. Muscular
  8. Sensory
  9. Endocrine
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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10
Q

imaginary slices through the animal body that can be used as points or areas of reference and on sets of directional terms that have the opposite meanings from each other

A

Planes of Reference

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11
Q

What are the 4 anatomical planes of reference?

A
  1. Sagittal Plane
  2. Median Plane
  3. Transverse Plane
  4. Dorsal Plane
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12
Q

Which of the 4 planes of reference is there only 1 of?

A

Median Plane

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13
Q

runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves

A

Sagittal Plane

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14
Q

special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into EQUAL left and right halves

A

Median (Midsagittal) Plane

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15
Q

a plane across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal

A

Transverse Plane

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16
Q

a plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse plans and divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts that are not necessarily equal

A

Dorsal Plane

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17
Q

Since x-rays are only 2D images, how are x-rays described?

A

Described according to the path the x-ray beam takes through the body using anatomical directional terms

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18
Q

a light-resistant container that holds the x-ray film

A

Cassette

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19
Q

If a dog is lying on its back on an x-ray table,
1. Where is the x-ray tube?
2. Where is the cassette?
3. What is the view called?

A
  1. X-ray tube is above the dog’s belly
  2. Cassette is below the dog’s back
  3. Ventro-dorsal (VD) view of the abdomen
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20
Q

What could a dorso-palmar (DP) view be x-raying on a horse? Where would the x-ray tube and cassette be?

A
  1. The fetlock joint
  2. X-ray tube in front of the leg and the cassette behind the joint
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21
Q

How are lateral radiographic views described?

A

Named according to which side of the animal is closest to the film

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22
Q

If a cat is lying on their left side to get an x-ray of a lateral view, what side is closest to the x-ray tube? What is this view called?

A
  1. The cat’s RIGHT side is closest to the x-ray tube
  2. Right lateral view
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23
Q

provide a common language for accurately and clearly describing body structures regardless of the position of the animal’s body

A

Directional Terms

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24
Q

Directional Terms:
Patient’s left

A

Left

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25
Q

Directional Terms:
Patient’s right

A

Right

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26
Q

Directional Terms:
Toward the head end of the body

A

Cranial

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27
Q

Directional Terms:
Toward the tip of the nose (head only)

A

Rostral

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28
Q

Directional Terms:
Toward the tail end of the body

A

Caudal

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29
Q

Directional Terms:
Toward the back

A

Dorsal

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30
Q

Directional Terms:
Toward the belly

A

Ventral

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31
Q

Directional Terms:
Toward the median plane

A

Medial

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32
Q

Directional Terms:
Away from the median plane

A

Lateral

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33
Q

Directional Terms:
Toward the center (whole body or part)

A

Deep (internal)

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34
Q

Directional Terms:
Toward the surface (whole body or part)

A

Superficial (external)

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35
Q

Directional Terms:
Toward the body (extremity)

A

Proximal

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36
Q

Directional Terms:
Away from the body (extremity)

A

Distal

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37
Q

Directional Terms:
“Back” of forelimb from carpus distally

A

Palmer

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38
Q

Directional Terms:
“Back” of hindlimb from tarsus distally

A

Plantar

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39
Q

Directional Terms:
“Front” of forelimb and hindlimb from carpus and tarsus distally

A

Dorsal

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40
Q

What types of animals are the terms cranial/caudal used for?

A

4 legged animals

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41
Q

Directional Terms:
Movement within the GI system in the direction of the mouth

A

Orad

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42
Q

Directional Terms:
Movement within the GI system in the direction away from the mouth

A

Aborad

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43
Q

Give an example of when you would use the terms orad vs aborad

A

The stomach is orad to the intestines, which are aborad to the stomach

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44
Q

give a shorthand way of recording anatomic locations in veterinary records

A

Regional Terms

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45
Q

Regional Terms:
Trunk of the body - formed by the rib cage and the abdomen

46
Q

Regional Terms:
Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum

47
Q

Regional Terms:
Large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals

48
Q

Regional Terms:
Joint between cannon bone and the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals

49
Q

Regional Terms:
Lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs

50
Q

Regional Terms:
Tarsus

51
Q

Regional Terms:
Carpus of hoofed animals

52
Q

Regional Terms:
Rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones

53
Q

Regional Terms:
Area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals

54
Q

Regional Terms:
Top of the head between the bases of the ears

55
Q

Regional Terms:
Femorotibial/femoropatellar joint - equivalent to the human knee

56
Q

Regional Terms:
Dorsal part of the base of the tail

57
Q

Regional Terms:
Area dorsal to scapulas

58
Q

means the axis of symmetry is around a central point

A

Radial Symmetry

59
Q

means the left and right halves of an animal’s body are essentially mirror images of each other internally and externally

A

Bilateral Symmetry

60
Q

Where are single structures typically found? Give 3 examples

A

Near the median plane
1. Brain
2. Heart
3. GI tract

61
Q

Name the 2 main body cavities and the 2 cavities within each

A
  1. Dorsal Cavity = Cranial Cavity + Spinal Cavity
  2. Ventral Cavity = Thoracic Cavity + Peritoneal Cavity
62
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral cavities house?

A

Dorsal - CNS
Ventral Cavity - most of the viscera

63
Q

What are the functions of the cranium and spinal cavity?

A

Cranium - houses + protects the brain
Spinal Cavity - houses + protects the spinal cord

64
Q

What divides the ventral cavity?

65
Q

What major structures are found in the thoracic vs peritoneal cavities?

A

Thoracic Cavity - heart, lungs, esophagus, major blood vessels to/from the heart

Abdominal Cavity - digestive organs, urinary organs, reproductive organs

66
Q

a thin membrane that covers all organs in the thoracic cavity and lines the cavity itself

67
Q

the layer of thin membrane that covers all the organs of the thoracic cavity

A

Visceral Pleura

68
Q

the layer of thin membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal Pleura

69
Q

the small amount of lubricating fluid between the visceral and parietal pleural layers that allow the two surfaces to slide over each other during breathing

A

Pleural Fluid

70
Q

inflammation of the pleura

71
Q

a thin membrane that covers all organs in the abdominal cavity and lines the cavity itself

A

Peritoneum

72
Q

the layer of thin membrane that covers all organs in the abdominal cavity

A

Visceral Peritoneum

73
Q

the layer of thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal Peritoneum

74
Q

the small amount of lubricating fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of the abdominal cavity that allow them to slide over each other smoothly

A

Peritoneal Fluid

75
Q

inflammation of the peritoneum

A

Peritonitis

76
Q

the smallest subdivisions of the body that are capable of life

77
Q

a group of specialized cells

78
Q

the branch of anatomy that deals with the microscopic structure and composition of tissues

79
Q

the scientist who analyzes tissue samples often from surgery

A

Histopathologist

80
Q

the study of both healthy and diseased tissues

A

Histopathology

81
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Muscular
  3. Nervous
  4. Connective
82
Q

structures that secrete useful substances and excrete wastes

83
Q

made up of groups of tissues that work together for a common purpose

84
Q

the combinations of different functions performed by diverse tissues within an organ in which each tissue helps the others carry out their tasks

A

Complementary Functions

85
Q

groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities to perform an essential function for the body as a whole

A

Organ System

86
Q

a state of normal anatomy and physiology

87
Q

Describe 2 ways in which the health of cells affect the body and vice versa

A
  • All structures and functions in the body are interrelated
  • Abnormal structures or functions in the body can result in disease
88
Q

the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body

A

Homeostasis

89
Q

the internal conditions of the body have fairly narrow operational ranges in which it can vary

A

Dynamic Equilibrium

90
Q

a condition in which the heart is pumping inadequate amounts of blood and blood backs up in the body

A

Congestive Heart Failure

91
Q

the amount of blood the heart pumps out per minute

A

Cardiac Output

92
Q

What is the first symptom of heart failure?

A

Drop in cardiac output

93
Q

Describe the compensatory mechanism involved in congestive heart failure

A

Drop in cardiac output > decreased blood flow + BP picked up by vascular receptors > relayed to CNS > signals then activate the sympathetic nervous system > stimulates the heart to beat harder + faster + constrict blood vessels > meant to increase blood flow + BP > causes the weak heart to work harder > causes further weakening of the heart + decreased cardiac output > causes more SNS stimulation > cycle continues until heart gives up OR we intervene with medical therapy

94
Q

the water found within animal cells

A

Intracellular Fluid

95
Q

the water found outside animal cells

A

Extracellular Fluid

96
Q

the extracellular fluid located within tissues

A

Interstitial Fluid

97
Q

What type of fluid makes up almost 2/3 of the water in the animal body?

A

Intracellular Fluid

98
Q

Capable of conducting electrical current in solution

A

Electrolytes

99
Q

How is electrolyte concentration:
1. Measured
2. Expressed

A
  1. Measured by > # of electrical charges in 1 L
  2. Expressed as > milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)
100
Q

What are 5 common electrolytes?

A
  1. Na+
  2. K+
  3. Cl-
  4. Acids
  5. Bases
101
Q

the solute concentration in a fluid

A

Osmolality

102
Q

_____ the solute concentration > the _____ the osmolality

A

higher/higher
lower/lower

103
Q

How can VTs help regulate osmolality in a sick patient? What are the 2 types used?

A

Use different types of IV fluids
1. Crystalloids
2. Colloids

104
Q

fluid products that contain water and electrolytes

A

Crystalloids

105
Q

What are the 3 types of Crystalloid solutions? What is their osmolality compared to blood?

A
  1. Isotonic = crystalloids with osmolality SIMILAR to blood
  2. Hypertonic = crystalloids with osmolality GREATER than blood
  3. Hypotonic = crystalloids with osmolality LOWER than blood
106
Q

Give 2 examples of when a VT would use crystalloids for a patient

A
  1. Dehydrated patients
  2. Correcting acid-base imbalances
107
Q

crystalloid fluids with large, heavy molecules

108
Q

Give 3 examples of when a VT would use Colloids over Crystalloids for a patient

A
  1. Improve BP
  2. Improve low protein levels
  3. Blood transfusions
109
Q

What are 2 common Colloids used in vet med?

A
  1. Vetstarch
  2. Hetastarch
110
Q

What are 5 Crystalloids commonly used in vet med?

A
  1. 0.9% NaCl > regular saline
  2. 0.45% NaCl > half-strength saline
  3. Normosol
  4. Plasmalyte
  5. Lactated Ringers Solution (LRS)

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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