the self small Flashcards
Study: The man who was not there
social comparison standards influence self evaluation
from Mussweiler and more
- Are comparison so spontaneous that they are even engaged when people are fleetingly exposed to a potentional standard? So fleetingly that we are unaware?
Wir untersuchten, ob Vergleiche so spontan sind, dass sie sogar dann eingesetzt werden, wenn Menschen vorübergehend einem potenziellen Standard ausgesetzt sind - so vorübergehend, dass sie den Standard nicht kennen. Ergebnisse unterstreichen, dass soziale Vergleiche wirklich allgegenwärtige Prozesse sind, die auch bei kurzfristiger Exposition gegenüber Standardinformationen eingesetzt werden.
=> Self-evaluation influenced subliminally presented standards
Study: Why we post selfies: Understanding motivations for posting pictures of oneself
- study was done in South Korea on young women
- Motives: Attention seeking, Communication, Archiving, Entertainment
-> Communication and archiving and narcissism predict self-posting
What is the self?
constructs, different identities, self-awareness and it is always situational
Social identity theory
becoming ourself through Identification, Comparison …
self-awareness theory (Carver, Scheier)
comparison between actual and ideal self
Self-discrepancy theory
various not always consistent self perceptions. actual, ideal, ought self
-> self regulation, get rid of discrepancies
regulation focus theoy
way we regulate self
promotion focus: trying to reach goals …
prevention focus: avoidance strategy
self perception theory
we gain knowlwdge about our self only by making self attributions (Looking what I do -> inferring who I am, what my self is like!
overjustification effect
we are intrinsically motivated for something, then get paid for it (external)
social comparison theory
comparing our behaviour and options with those of others, to establish the correct or socially approved way of thinking/behaving
self-categorization model
categorization oneself as a group member produces social identity and group behaviors
BIRGing
“we (the German soccer team) won”
4 types of self
Collective self: describing self as a ingroup member, others a soutgroup members, downward comparison with outgroup members
Individual Self: Attribution that make me unique to other people
Relational Self: Self defindet by relationships
Conzeptualized self/Narrative identity:
people have cognitive perception of the self (the storry about me), helps organizing perceptions and categorizing
Social Identity Theory
theory about group membership, based on self categorisation, construction of a shared self definition in terms of ingroup defining properties
the self concept is abgeleitet vom group membership
- categorization: put others and self in categories, based on prototypes
- identification: with groups - boos self esteem
- comparison
3 classes influence self-construction and knowledge1
self assesment: find trouth about our self
self verification: verify and conform what we already know about us
self-enhancement: motivation to create positive image of the self, discover what a wonderful person I am
self-esteem
Trait self esteem: stable self esteem you always have
State self esteem: changing self esteem depending on groups/situations
threats self esteem
faiures
inconsistencies
stressors (and no coping)
Deal with threats self esteem
escape denial (alkohol) downplay the threat (cancer persons making jokes about dying) self expression (talking) attack the threat (setting up excuses for failure before event : self handicapping)
self affirmation theory
people cover negative aspects by focussing on other positive aspects
self enhancing triad
how peope characterise their self; positively biases
overestimate good points
overestimate control over events
unrealistically optimistic
self-conceptual positivity bias
positive self conception even when situation doesn’t provoke it, people who fali exhibit this bias tend to have mental illnesses
impression management
peoples use of strategies to get other people to view them in a positive light
self monitoring
carefully controlling how we present ourselves
strategic self-presentation
self-promotion: competent
ingratiation: popular
intimidation: dangerous
exemplification: moraly respectable
supplication: needing help
