Attitudes small

Question 1

attitudes sind was?

Answer 1

• emotions, affective
• intention to act; behavioural
• thoughts; cognitive
  + relative permanent
  + limited to social, events or objects
  + generalisable

Question 2

Schema and Stereotypes

Answer 2

Schemas are mental models of how to behave in a given situation.(Shake hands with grandfather, and be friendly, do not fist bump and say hey dude). They are overlearned and based on positively enforced behavioral routines.

Stereotypes: image of a social group and it’s members

Question 3

Cognitive Consistency theory

Answer 3

people try to maintain internal consistency

Question 4

Balance theory

Answer 4

peolpe prefer attitudes that are consistent
people (P) try to maintain consistency in attitudes and relationships with other persons (O) and elements of envirnoment (X)

• I like Pen, Sonny too, like eachother = balanced
• like Pen, Sonny not, like eachother = unbalanced
  therefore we are likely to ignore pen in friendship

=> balanced = relationships are consistent

Question 5

Social Cognitive model

Answer 5

Highlighting an evaluate (bewertenden) component. Knowledge of an object is represented in memory along with a summary of how to appraise (bewerten) it



object: shark


attribute: „a person’s evaluation of an object of thought“ 
represented in memory by …

1. Object label, rules for applying that label


Label: really big fish with sharp teeth


Rule: lives in sea, eats fish and sometimes people

2. Evaluate summary of object


Evaluated summary: is scary and best avoided while swimming

3. A knowledge structure supporting that evaluation


Knowledge structure: is a scientifically well documented threat to our physical well-being

Question 6

Information Integration Theory

Answer 6

(Information processing for Decision-making)


a person’s attitude can be estimated (geschätzt) by averaging across positive and negative ratings of the object

Question 7

Cognitive Algebra

Answer 7

Menschen kombinieren Attitude zu einem positiven oder negativen Gesamteindruck

Question 8

Specific Attributes

General Attribute

Answer 8

(can attitudes predict behaviour? no, but …)
Behaviour is better predicted by measuring attitudes that are very specific to the behaviour (attitudes towards psychology exam)

Can sometimes predict behaviour, if we adopt a multi-act criterion. Specific single behaviour -> general attitude. E.g. „environmentally conscious“

Question 9

Motivation to protect towards a threat/wish to avoid negative outcome

Theory of reasoned action

Theory of planned behaviour

Protection Motivation Theory

Answer 9

Tries to find relationship between attitudes and behaviour; is the personal attitude like the group norm, it is more likely to predict actual behaviour

Prediction of a behaviour because an attitude, improves if people believe they have control over that behaviour

Adopting a healthy behaviour needs cognitive balancing between the perceived threat of illness and one’s capacy to cope with the health regimen (fear and ability to control)

Question 10

Forming attitudes

Mere-exposure effect

spreading attitude effect

Self-perception theory

Answer 10

Repeated exposure (Exposition) to an object -> results in greater attraction to that object

If you don’t like Person X and Person X likes Person Y, you mostly don’t like Person Y as well …

We gain knowledge of ourselves by making self-attributions; we infer (erschließen) our attitudes from our own behaviour

Question 11

Persuasive communication



Contemporary communications theory

Third person effect

Protection motivation theory

Terror management theory

Answer 11

Communicator (who?), communication, audience

Most people think that they are less influenced than others by advertisements

Fear work better if include effective presentation of how to cope with danger

Most fundamental human motivation is to reduce the terror of death. If fear is so extreme that it makes us aware of our own dead

Question 12

Elaboration-likelihood model

Answer 12

Attend to message carefully: central route; otherwise peripheral route

Question 13

Heuristic-systematic model

Answer 13

attend to message carefully: systematic processing; otherwise heuristics, mental shortcuts

Question 14

Reciprocity principle

Answer 14

Gain compliance by first doing someone a favour

Question 15

Multiple request

Answer 15

Tactics for gaining compliance using a two-step procedure. First request functions as a set-up for the secound, real request

Question 16

Foot-in-the-door tactic

Answer 16

First small request, dann real request
-> cognitive constancy

Question 17

Door in the face tactic

Answer 17

Brings du mich each Hamburg? NEIN!! Kannst du mich dann zum Flughafen bringen? Ja.

Question 18

Low ball tactic

Answer 18

Person agrees to a request still feels committed after finding that there are hidden costs

Question 19

Compliance due to mindfulness

Answer 19

Agreeing to a request without giving it a thought.

Question 20

More attitude changing

Cognitive consistency theory

Selective exposure hypotheses

Answer 20

People try to maintain internal consistency

People avoid potentially dissonant information

Question 21

Inducted compliance

Postdecisional conflict

Answer 21

Inconsistency is experienced when a person is persuaded to behave in a way that is contrary to an attitude

Dissonance can be reduce by bringing the attitude not line with the behaviour

Question 22

More dissonance

Self affirmation theory

Self Perception Theory

Answer 22

people try to maintain specific self-images

Some people think, results of dissonance experiments can be explained by self perception theory

Question 23

Resistance to persuasion

Reactance (Abwehrreaktion)

Forewarning

Inoculation (Impfung)

Answer 23

People try to protect their freedom to act. If this freedom has been limited, they will act to regain it.

Advanced knowledge

Making people resistance to persuasion. Providing them a counter-argument, then they can build up effective refutations (Wiederlegung) to a later, stronger argument

Question 24

Study: On the nature of attitude behaviour relations

Answer 24

Hypothese: starke Einstellungen leiten Verhalten, schwache Einstellungen folgen dem Verhalten gemäß der Selbstwahrnehmung.

1. Sitzung: Einstellungen und Haltungsstärke (Sicherheit, Bedeutung, Zentralität) gegenüber Greenpeace gemessen.
2. Sitzung: Teilnehmer kamen zurück ins Labor und konnten Geld an Grenpace spenden

=> starke Einstellungen waren prädiktiver für die Vorhersage von Spendenverhalten als schwache Einstellungen.
=> Einstellungen von Teilnehmern mit schwacher Einstellung wurden durch ihr Spendenverhalten beeinflusst, während bei einer starken Einstellung kein solcher Effekt festgestellt wurde.
=> starke Einstellungen sind im Laufe der Zeit stabiler als schwache Einstellungen.

Question 25

Study: Dissonance in confronting targets of prejudgement

Answer 25

• in 3 Studien wurden Frauen mit einem Schauspieler konfrontiert, der eine sexistische Bemerkung machte. Geschaut wurde, was passiert, wenn Frauen die Cahnce bekommen, sich zu wehren
  2. Studie: wenn Frauen die Chance bekamen, sich zu wehren, fanden Prejudgements nicht statt

=> studie zeigte, dass es konsequenzen für die Frauen hat, wenn sie sich nicht gegen Prejudges wehren.

Viele Menschen konfrontieren andere Menschen nicht, da sie die Beziehung nicht gefärden möchten. Wenn man den anderen aber nicht konfrontiert, fühlt dieser sich im Prejudgement bestärkt und der bias wird stärker.