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Exam > Exam SB 1 > Flashcards

Exam SB 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dual-process dependency model

A

Model of social influence in which 2 separate processes operate:
1. Dependency on others for social approval
2. Information about reality 
-> responsible for social influence phenomena

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2
Q

Agentic state

A

(Obendence to authority); Milgrams characterisation of unquestioning obedience

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3
Q

Frame of references

A

(Influences of norms - Conformity); people use behaviour of others to form the range of possible behaviour

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4
Q

Majority group pressure -> conformity


Sherif’s auto kinetic study
Asch’s experiment

A

Experiment Fahrstuhl: group pressure

Experiment with sample lines

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5
Q

Informational influences


Normative influences
Referent informational influences

A

Informational influences


Normative influences

Referent informational influences

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6
Q

“Hollander’s study
Theory of idiosyncrasy Credits”

A

“(Minority Influencer)
to veto. Effectively, you must first earn the right by paying conformity dues called idiosyncrasy (Eigenart) credits. 
Hight status individuals have more idiosyncrasy credits than low status”

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7
Q

Three component model

A

“Consists of 
affective (Emotions),
behavioural (intention to act)
and cognitive (thoughts) components that stress though, feeling and action as basic to human experience”

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8
Q

Cognitive Consistencey theory

A

people try to maintain (aufrechterhalten) internal consistency, order and agreement among various cognitions

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9
Q

Balance theory (Heider)

A

(P mag X, ich (O) mag P, also mag ich auch X)
people prefer attitudes that are consistent with each other. 
balanced: relationship are consistent”

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10
Q

Sociocognitive model

A

“Highlighting an evaluate (bewertenden) component. Knowledge of an object is represented in memory along with a summary of how to appraise (bewerten) it

object: shark
attribute: „a person’s evaluation of an object of thought“
represented in memory by …
1. Object label, rules for applying that label
Label: really big fish with sharp teeth
Rule: lives in sea, eats fish and sometimes people
2. Evaluate summary of object
Evaluated summary: is scary and best avoided while swimming
3. A knowledge structure supporting that evaluation
Knowledge structure: is a scientifically well documented threat to our physical well-being “

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11
Q

Information Integration Theory

A

(Information processing for Decision-making)
a person’s attitude can be estimated (geschätzt) by averaging across positive and negative ratings of the object

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12
Q

cognitive Algebra

A

People combine attributes into an overall positive or negative impression

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13
Q

Specific Attitudes

A

“(can attitudes predict behaviour? no, but …)
Behaviour is better predicted by measuring attitudes that are very specific to the behaviour (attitudes towards psychology exam)”

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14
Q

General Attitudes

A

Can sometimes predict behaviour, if we adopt a multi-act criterion. Specific single behaviour -> general attitude. E.g. „environmentally conscious“

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15
Q

“Motivation to protect towards a threat/wish to avoid negative outcome

Theory of reasoned action

Theory of planned behaviour

Protection Motivation Theory”

A

Tries to find relationship between attitudes and behaviour; is the personal attitude like the group norm, it is more likely to predict actual behaviour

Prediction of a behaviour because an attitude, improves if people believe they have control over that behaviour

Adopting a healthy behaviour needs cognitive balancing between the perceived threat of illness and one’s capacy to cope with the health regimen (fear and ability to control)

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16
Q

“Forming attitudes

Mere-exposure effect

spreading attitude effect

Self-perception theory”

A

Repeated exposure (Exposition) to an object -> results in greater attraction to that object

If you don’t like Person X and Person X likes Person Y, you mostly don’t like Person Y as well …

We gain knowledge of ourselves by making self-attributions; we infer (erschließen) our attitudes from our own behaviour

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17
Q

Persuasive communication

Contemporary communications theory

Third person effect

Protection motivation theory

Terror management theory

A

Communicator (who?), communication, audience

Most people think that they are less influenced than others by advertisements

Fear work better if include effective presentation of how to cope with danger

Most fundamental human motivation is to reduce the terror of death. If fear is so extreme that it makes us aware of our own dead

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18
Q

Elaboration-likelihood model

A

Attend to message carefully: central route; otherwise peripheral route

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19
Q

Heuristic-systematic model

A

attend to message carefully: systematic processing; otherwise heuristics, mental shortcuts

20
Q

Reciprocity principle

A

Gain compliance by first doing someone a favour

21
Q

Multiple request

A

Tactics for gaining compliance using a two-step procedure. First request functions as a set-up for the secound, real request

22
Q

Foot-in-the-door tactic

A

Foot-in-the-door tactic

23
Q

Door in the face tactic

A

Door in the face tactic

24
Q

Low ball tactic

A

Person agrees to a request still feels committed after finding that there are hidden costs

25
Q

Person agrees to a request still feels committed after finding that there are hidden costs

A

Agreeing to a request without giving it a thought.

26
Q

More attitude changing

Cognitive consistency theory

Selective exposure hypotheses

A

People try to maintain internal consistency

People avoid potentially dissonant information

27
Q

Inducted compliance

Postdecisional conflict

A

Inconsistency is experienced when a person is persuaded to behave in a way that is contrary to an attitude

Dissonance can be reduce by bringing the attitude not line with the behaviour

28
Q

More dissonance

Self affirmation theory

Self Perception Theory

A

people try to maintain specific self-images

Some people think, results of dissonance experiments can be explained by self perception theory

29
Q

Resistance to persuasion

Reactance (Abwehrreaktion)

Forewarning

Inoculation (Impfung)

A

People try to protect their freedom to act. If this freedom has been limited, they will act to regain it.

Advanced knowledge

Making people resistance to persuasion. Providing them a counter-argument, then they can build up effective refutations (Wiederlegung) to a later, stronger argument

30
Q

PREJUDICES, DISCRIMINATION, STEREOTYPES

Prejudge

Tripartite Model

A

Prejudge has 3 components: 
Cognitive -> Stereotype
Affective -> Prejudice
Conative -> Discrimination

31
Q

Explicit racism

Blatant racism

Tokenism

A

Apartheid, not common anymore

Most common today -> resentment (Ärger)

Making small public concessions to a minority group in order to deflect accusation of prejudice and discrimination

32
Q

Why do people use prejudges?

Social Dominance Theory

System justification theory

Mere exposure effect

… 1 Mio more…

A

Individual:
Acceptance of an ideology that legitimates in-group hierarchy -> high school dominance orientation

Social changes makes people justify and protect existing system

Repeated exposure to object -> higher familiarity, greater attraction

33
Q

Realistic conflict theory

A

Intergroup competition leads to conflict and then discrimination



Boys summer camp experiment:
- Phase 1: Arriving camp, common activities

  • P.2: Two separate groups formed, friendship split, groups isolated
  • P.3:Groups brought together, intergroup competition -> intergroup hostility, prejudice, discrimination even outside the competition

  • P.4: Development of superordinate goals, both groups forced to cooperate



=> Ethnocentrism even in absence of intergroup competition, consequences of intergroup conflict, less frustrated group greater intergroup aggression

34
Q

Self awareness theory

A

Aware of yourself, comparison between actual self and ideal self

35
Q

Self discrepancy theory

Higgins

A

Different self perceptions: actual self, ideal self, ought self -> self regulation

36
Q

Regulatory focus theory

A

The way we construct an regulate sense of self 



promotion focus: trying to reach ideal self


prevention focus: avoiding development

37
Q

Self perception theory

A

We gain knowledge about ourselves only by making self attributions

38
Q

Social comparison theory

A

Comparing with other people in order to establish the correct or socially approved way of thinking/behaving


Downward comparison: intensify self esteem
Upward comparison: lower self esteem

39
Q

Self categorisation theory

A

Categorising oneself as a group member -> social identity and group behaviours

40
Q

BIRGing

A

„we (the German soccer team) won“

41
Q

Self affirmation theory

A

Cover negative aspects of self and focusing other positive aspects

42
Q

Self enhancing triad

A

People characterise their self positively biases
overestimate good points
Overestimate control over events
Unrealistically optimistic

43
Q

Accentuation principle

A

Placing a person or situation into a category and think the person/situation matches the category more than it actually does

44
Q

Kelley’s covariation Model

A 
Consstency = does he always laugh?
Distinctivness = laughing about everything?
Consensus = Is everybody laughing?

Herausfinden ob,
personal/inernal attribution or entity/external attribution, Discounting (no relationship)

45
Q

Actor observer effect

A

Attribute other people’s behaviour internally but our own externally

46
Q

False consensus effect

A

Forget situational causes more readily than dispositional causes

47
Q

Self serving biases

A

Ego serving attributional distortion that protects or enhances self esteem

Exam (10 decks)

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