THE SELF, IDENTITY, EMOTION, AND PERSONALITY Chapter 4 Flashcards
The individual’s cognitive
representation of the self; the substance and
content of self-conceptions
self-understanding
What individuals might become,
what they would like to become, and what
they are afraid of becoming.
possible self
The ability to assume
another person’s perspective and understand
his or her thoughts and feelings
perspective taking
The global evaluative dimension
of the self; also referred to as self-worth or self-image.
self-esteem
Domain-specific evaluations of
the self.
self-concept
A self-centered and selfconcerned
approach toward others.
narcissism
The ability to control one’s
behavior without having to rely on others for
help.
self-regulation
Who a person believes he or she is,
representing a synthesis and integration of
self-understanding.
identity
Erikson’s
fifth developmental stage, which occurs during
adolescence. At this time, individuals are faced
with deciding who they are, what they are all
about, and where they are going in life.
identity versus identity confusion
Erikson’s term for
the gap between childhood security and adult
autonomy that adolescents experience as
part of their identity exploration.
psychosocial moratorium
A period of identity development during
which the adolescent is choosing among
meaningful alternatives.
crisis
The part of identity development
in which adolescents show a personal
investment in what they are going to do.
commitment
Marcia’s term for the state
adolescents are in when they have not yet
experienced an identity crisis or made any
commitments.
identity diffusion
Marcia’s term for the
state adolescents are in when they have
made a commitment but have not
experienced an identity crisis.
identity foreclosure
Marcia’s term for the
state of adolescents who are in the midst of
an identity crisis but who have not made a
clear commitment to an identity.
identity moratorium
Marcia’s term for an
adolescent who has undergone an identity
crisis and made a commitment.
identity achievement
An important element in
adolescent identity development. It consists
of two dimensions: self-assertion, the ability to
have and communicate a point of view; and
separateness, the use of communication
patterns to express how one is different from
others.
individuality
An important element in
adolescent identity development. It consists
of two dimensions: mutuality, which is
sensitivity to and respect for others’ views;
and permeability, which is openness to
others’ views.
connectedness
An enduring, basic aspect of
the self that includes a sense of membership
in an ethnic group and the attitudes and
feelings related to that membership.
ethnic identity
Identity formation that
occurs when adolescents identify in some
ways with their ethnic group and in other
ways with the majority culture.
bicultural identity
Erikson’s sixth
developmental stage, which individuals
experience during early adulthood. At this
time, individuals face the developmental task
of forming intimate relationships with others.
intimacy versus isolation
The enduring personal
characteristics of individuals.
personality
Five core traits of personality: openness to
experience, conscientiousness, extraversion,
agreeableness, and neuroticism (emotional
stability).
Big Five factors of personality
An individual’s behavioral style
and characteristic way of responding.
temperament
A child who generally is in a
positive mood, quickly establishes regular
routines, and adapts easily to new
experiences.
easy child
A child who reacts negatively to
many situations and is slow to accept new
experiences.
difficult child
A child who has a low
activity level, is somewhat negative, and
displays a low intensity of mood
slow-to-warm-up child
The match between an
individual’s temperament style and the
environmental demands faced by the
individual.
goodness of fit
