SCHOOLS Chapter 10

Question 1

A learner-centered
approach that emphasizes the adolescent’s
active, cognitive construction of knowledge and
understanding with guidance from the teacher.

Answer 1

constructivist approach

Question 2

A teachercentered
approach characterized by teacher
direction and control, mastery of academic
skills, high expectations for students, and
maximum time spent on learning tasks.

Answer 2

direct instruction approach

Question 3

The circumstance of
moving from the top position (in elementary
school, the oldest, biggest, and most powerful
students) to the lowest position (in middle or
junior high school, the youngest, smallest,
and least powerful students

Answer 3

top-dog phenomenon

Question 4

A teaching strategy that
encourages students to be independent
thinkers and doers but still involves effective
monitoring. Authoritative teachers engage
students in considerable verbal give-and-take
and show a caring attitude toward them.
However, they still set and enforce limits
when necessary.

Answer 4

authoritative strategy of classroom

management

Question 5

A teaching strategy that is
restrictive and punitive. The focus is mainly on
keeping order in the classroom rather than on
instruction and learning.

Answer 5

authoritarian strategy of classroom

management

Question 6

A teaching strategy that offers
students considerable autonomy but provides
them with little support for developing
learning skills or managing their behavior.

Answer 6

permissive strategy of classroom

management

Question 7

A classroom strategy in
which students from different cultural
backgrounds are placed in a cooperative
group in which, together, they have to
construct different parts of a project to reach
a common goal.

Answer 7

jigsaw classroom

Question 8

Education that values
diversity and includes the perspectives of a
variety of cultural groups.

Answer 8

multicultural education

Question 9

Disabilities in which
children experience difficulty in learning that
involves understanding or using spoken or
written language; the difficulty can appear in
listening, thinking, reading, writing, and
spelling. A learning disability also may involve
difficulty in doing mathematics. To be
classified as a learning disability, the learning
problem is not primarily the result of visual,
hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual
disability; emotional disorders; or
environmental, cultural, or economic
disadvantage.

Answer 9

learning disabilities

Question 10

A disability in which children or
adolescents consistently show one or more
of the following characteristics over a period
of time: (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and
(3) impulsivity.

Answer 10

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ADHD

Question 11

A setting
that is as similar as possible to the one in which
children or adolescents without a disability are
educated; under the IDEA, efforts to educate
the child or adolescent with a disability in this
setting have been given a legal basis.
inclusion Educating a child or adolescent with
special educational needs full-time in the
regular classroom.

Answer 11

least restrictive environment (LRE)

Question 12

Adolescents who
have above-average intelligence (usually
defined as an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or
superior talent in some domain, such as art,
music, or mathematics.

Answer 12

adolescents who are gifted

Question 13

regions of the brain affrected by ADHD

Answer 13

The prefrontal cortex and thickening or the cerbal cortex