MORAL DEVELOPMENT, VALUES, AND RELIGION Chapter 7

Question 1

Thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors regarding standards of right and
wrong.

Answer 1

moral development

Question 2

An aspect of personality that is
present when individuals have moral notions
and commitments that are central to their
lives.

Answer 2

moral identity

Question 3

People who have led

exemplary lives.

Answer 3

moral exemplars

Question 4

Theory that identifies
different domains of social knowledge and
reasoning, including moral, social
conventional, and personal domains. These
domains arise from children’s and
adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal
with different forms of social experience.

Answer 4

social domain theory

Question 5

Thoughts
about social consensus and convention, as
opposed to moral reasoning that stresses
ethical issues

Answer 5

social conventional reasoning

Question 6

A discipline technique in
which a parent withholds attention or love
from the adolescent.

Answer 6

love withdrawal

Question 7

A discipline technique in
which a parent attempts to gain control over
the adolescent or the adolescent’s resources.

Answer 7

power assertion

Question 8

A discipline technique in which a
parent uses reason and explains how the
adolescent’s actions affect others.

Answer 8

induction

Question 9

The pervasive moral

atmosphere that characterizes every school.

Answer 9

hidden curriculum

Question 10

A direct moral education
approach that involves teaching students a
basic moral literacy to prevent them from
engaging in immoral behavior or doing harm
to themselves or others.

Answer 10

character education

Question 11

An educational approach
that focuses on helping people clarify what is
important to them, what is worth working for,
and what is their purpose in life. Students are
encouraged to define their own values and
understand others’ values.

Answer 11

values clarification

Question 12

An approach
based on the belief that students should learn
to value things like democracy and justice as
their moral reasoning develops; Kohlberg’s
theory has been the basis for many of the
cognitive moral education approaches.

Answer 12

cognitive moral education

Question 13

A form of education that
promotes social responsibility and service to
the community.

Answer 13

service learning

Question 14

Resolving conflicts and problems
Asserting respectfully
Taking initiative as a leader
Implementing decisions
Cultivating courage
Persevering
Working hard

Answer 14

Ethical Action

Question 15

Understanding emotional expression
Taking the perspective of others
Connecting to others
Responding to diversity
Controlling social bias
Interpreting situations
Communicating effectively

Answer 15

Ethical Sensitivity

Question 16

Respecting others
Cultivating conscience
Acting responsibly
Helping others
Finding meaning in life
Valuing traditions and institutions
Developing ethical identity and integrity

Answer 16

Ethical Focus

Question 17

Understanding ethical problems
Using codes and identifying judgment
c riteria
Reasoning generally
Reasoning ethically
Understanding consequences
Reflecting on the process and outcome
Coping and being resilient

Answer 17

Ethical Judgment

Question 18

An organized set of beliefs, practices,
rituals, and symbols that increases an
individual’s connection to a sacred or
transcendent other (God, higher power, or
higher truth).

Answer 18

religion

Question 19

The degree of affiliation with an
organized religion, participation in prescribed
rituals and practices, connection with its
beliefs, and involvement in a community of
believers

Answer 19

religiousness

Question 20

Experiencing something beyond
oneself in a transcendent manner and living
in a way that benefits others and society.

Answer 20

spirituality

Question 21

The third and
highest level in Kohlberg’s theory. At this
level, morality is more internal. The
postconventional level consists of two stages:
social contract or utility and individual rights
(stage 5) and universal ethical principles
(stage 6).

Answer 21

postconventional reasoning

Question 22

The lowest level
in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At
this level, morality is often focused on reward
and punishment. The two stages in
preconventional reasoning are punishment
and obedience orientation (stage 1) and
individualism, instrumental purpose, and
exchange (stage 2).

Answer 22

preconventional reasoning

Question 23

The second, or
intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory.
Individuals abide by certain standards
(internal), but they are the standards of others
(external), such as parents or the laws of
society. The conventional level consists of
two stages: mutual interpersonal
expectations, relationships, and interpersonal
conformity (stage 3) and social systems
morality (stage 4).

Answer 23

conventional reasoning

Question 24

A moral perspective that
focuses on the rights of the individual.
Individuals are viewed as making moral
decisions independently.

Answer 24

justice perspective

Question 25

The moral perspective of
Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of
their connectedness with others and
emphasizes interpersonal communication,
relationships with others, and concern for
others.

Answer 25

care perspective

Question 26

The theory that distinguishes between moral
competence (the ability to produce moral
behaviors) and moral performance (enacting
those behaviors in specific situations).

Answer 26

social cognitive theory of moral development

Question 27

Unselfish interest in helping another

person.

Answer 27

altruism

Question 28

An aspect of prosocial behavior
that occurs when an injured person releases
the injurer from possible behavioral
retaliation.

Answer 28

forgiveness

Question 29

A feeling of thankfulness and
appreciation, especially in response to
someone doing something kind or helpful.

Answer 29

gratitude

Question 30

The component of the superego
that involves ideal standards approved by
parents.

Answer 30

ego ideal

Question 31

The component of the superego
that discourages behaviors disapproved of by
parents.

Answer 31

conscience

Question 32

Reaction to another’s feelings with
an emotional response that is similar to the
other’s feelings.

Answer 32

empathy