MORAL DEVELOPMENT, VALUES, AND RELIGION Chapter 7 Flashcards
Thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors regarding standards of right and
wrong.
moral development
An aspect of personality that is
present when individuals have moral notions
and commitments that are central to their
lives.
moral identity
People who have led
exemplary lives.
moral exemplars
Theory that identifies
different domains of social knowledge and
reasoning, including moral, social
conventional, and personal domains. These
domains arise from children’s and
adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal
with different forms of social experience.
social domain theory
Thoughts
about social consensus and convention, as
opposed to moral reasoning that stresses
ethical issues
social conventional reasoning
A discipline technique in
which a parent withholds attention or love
from the adolescent.
love withdrawal
A discipline technique in
which a parent attempts to gain control over
the adolescent or the adolescent’s resources.
power assertion
A discipline technique in which a
parent uses reason and explains how the
adolescent’s actions affect others.
induction
The pervasive moral
atmosphere that characterizes every school.
hidden curriculum
A direct moral education
approach that involves teaching students a
basic moral literacy to prevent them from
engaging in immoral behavior or doing harm
to themselves or others.
character education
An educational approach
that focuses on helping people clarify what is
important to them, what is worth working for,
and what is their purpose in life. Students are
encouraged to define their own values and
understand others’ values.
values clarification
An approach
based on the belief that students should learn
to value things like democracy and justice as
their moral reasoning develops; Kohlberg’s
theory has been the basis for many of the
cognitive moral education approaches.
cognitive moral education
A form of education that
promotes social responsibility and service to
the community.
service learning
Resolving conflicts and problems Asserting respectfully Taking initiative as a leader Implementing decisions Cultivating courage Persevering Working hard
Ethical Action
Understanding emotional expression Taking the perspective of others Connecting to others Responding to diversity Controlling social bias Interpreting situations Communicating effectively
Ethical Sensitivity
Respecting others Cultivating conscience Acting responsibly Helping others Finding meaning in life Valuing traditions and institutions Developing ethical identity and integrity
Ethical Focus
Understanding ethical problems Using codes and identifying judgment c riteria Reasoning generally Reasoning ethically Understanding consequences Reflecting on the process and outcome Coping and being resilient
Ethical Judgment
An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual’s connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, or higher truth).
religion
The degree of affiliation with an
organized religion, participation in prescribed
rituals and practices, connection with its
beliefs, and involvement in a community of
believers
religiousness
Experiencing something beyond
oneself in a transcendent manner and living
in a way that benefits others and society.
spirituality
The third and
highest level in Kohlberg’s theory. At this
level, morality is more internal. The
postconventional level consists of two stages:
social contract or utility and individual rights
(stage 5) and universal ethical principles
(stage 6).
postconventional reasoning
The lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. At this level, morality is often focused on reward and punishment. The two stages in preconventional reasoning are punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1) and individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange (stage 2).
preconventional reasoning
The second, or
intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory.
Individuals abide by certain standards
(internal), but they are the standards of others
(external), such as parents or the laws of
society. The conventional level consists of
two stages: mutual interpersonal
expectations, relationships, and interpersonal
conformity (stage 3) and social systems
morality (stage 4).
conventional reasoning
A moral perspective that
focuses on the rights of the individual.
Individuals are viewed as making moral
decisions independently.
justice perspective
The moral perspective of
Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of
their connectedness with others and
emphasizes interpersonal communication,
relationships with others, and concern for
others.
care perspective
The theory that distinguishes between moral
competence (the ability to produce moral
behaviors) and moral performance (enacting
those behaviors in specific situations).
social cognitive theory of moral development
Unselfish interest in helping another
person.
altruism
An aspect of prosocial behavior
that occurs when an injured person releases
the injurer from possible behavioral
retaliation.
forgiveness
A feeling of thankfulness and
appreciation, especially in response to
someone doing something kind or helpful.
gratitude
The component of the superego
that involves ideal standards approved by
parents.
ego ideal
The component of the superego
that discourages behaviors disapproved of by
parents.
conscience
Reaction to another’s feelings with
an emotional response that is similar to the
other’s feelings.
empathy
