The Self Flashcards
cocktail party effect
pcik personally relevant stimulus out of complex noisy enviro
self-concept
sum total of beliefs that ppl have about self
self-schemas
schematic
aschematic
- belief about self that guide processing of self-relevant info
schematic - attribute object/characteristic that is relevant to self-concept but not to anyone else.
-aschematic - item doesnt trigger thoughts of self
important first step in development of self-concept?
self-recognition
- “me”
2nd step in development of self-concept?
social factors
looking glass self
ppl serve as mirror in which we see ourselves.
- social factor for developing self-concept.
- draw send of who we are from past and current relationships.
self-concept matches what we think others think of us. = internal audience
sources of self -concept - which ABC?
5 sources?
self- concept = COGNITIVE
- introspection
- perceptions of own behaviour
- influences of others
- autobiographical self
- cultures
introspection
2 problems?
affective forecasting & impact bias
source of self-concept.
- looking inward at thoughts/feelings.
1. mentally busy, fail to understand. 2. overestimate the positives - difficulty projecting forward to predict how they’d feel. impact bias = think they’ll be more affected by event & for longer.
perceptions of own behaviour- self-perception theory
- facial feedback hypothesis
- motivation
- preserve intrinsic interest?
- types of reward
internal cue difficult to interpreat, gain insight by observing own behaviour.
- facial feedback hypothesis: facial feedback can evoke and magnify emotional state thru self-perception.
- motivation: extrinsic vs intrinsic
- overjudtification effect: behaviour attributed to extrinsic and intrinsic motives
- rewards will only undermine interest if interest was high initially
- task-contingent reward : do task, get reward. && performance contingent reward: do well, get reward.
influences of other people - describing self social comparison theory two factor theory of emotion upward social comparison downward social comparison
describe self as different from others. set self apart from individuals in immediate vicinity.
- uncertain about abilities or opinions, evaluate self through comparisons with similar others.
- turn to other people’s emotions to see how we are supposed to feel. physciological arousal - angry or excited?
upward = strive to be better, role model
downward = look at ppl worse off.
autobiographical memories - recency rule reminiscence bumps - transitional firsts flashbulb memory
memories shape perception of self. (and vice versa)
- report more recent events than distant
exception: - reminiscence bump = older adults retrieve memory from youth.
- often remember transtition periods
- flashbulb memory = enduring, detailed, high-resolution recollections.
- -> ppl motivaed to distort past in ways that self-inflate.
cultures
- effect self-construal
individualism : personal, achievement, overestimate own contributions, self as less similar
vs collectivism: group, more satisfaction from group doing well. modest, conform.
- self-construal: independent = unique.
interdependent = my happiness dependent on happiness of those around me.
self- esteem
- which ABC?
2 theories
AFFECT - how you feel about yourself
- sociometer: evolutionarily need to have self esteem to know how we fit into group.
- terror management theory: self esteem is protective shield to control fo terror from inevitability of death. Use cultural and religious world views to have idea of symbolic immortality. contribute to world and feel good about self to leave something behind when you die.
high self esteem people
happier, more success, better sleep, conform less to peer pressure. anxious, avoid acitivities that’ll lead to failure.
assoc w violence. more self clarity and certainty
low self esteem ppl
anxiety, depression, illness.
less task persistence, more learned helplessness.
clearer sense of self when recall critisism and received negative feedback.
slef -concept clarity
extent to which knowledge about self is stable, clear, consistent. assoc w self compassion
chronic/usual self esteem
momentary/state self esteem
c = generally feel accepted or not m = how accepted we currently feel
self-fulfilling prophecy + self-esteem
if think person is high self-esteem act more warm.
if think person is low self esteem = more cold bc think they wont be accepted.
self affirmation
self- evaluation
increased feelings of security
distor or exaggerate our positive qualities.
self-discrepancy theory
-self-guides: ideal & ought
self esteem depends on 3 things
match btw how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves.
- ideal = who you think you could be at your best
ought = who you thin you should be.
- amount of discrepancy
imporatnt of domain; extent of focus
self awareness theory
- 2 options
most people not self-focused, certain situations heighten self awareness.
- usually results in negative discrepancy.
- shape up or ship out.
self-focusing persons
- private self-consciousness
- public self-consciousness
focused on self
- private: introspect about inner thoughts, behaviours & feelings. act to personal standards
- public : tendency to focus on outer public image. act to match society norms.
self-regulatory model
self-control is limited resource
self control
process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, behaviours, urges.
- limited, temporarily depleted by usage.
- harder to reexert after excercising self-control .
more you try = stronger it gets.
ironic process about self-control
- rebound effect.
harder we try to inhibit (practice self-control) less likely to succeed.
AKA choke.
harder to control when cognitively tired, budy.
self-esteem & culture
boost to unrealistically positive views of ourselves in interdependent.
self-effacement = negative niew of self - often in collectivist/interdependent.
- not self-presentations, bc would disappear if under cognitive load.
self-serving cognitions
beliefs about oneself that serve to enhance oneself.
- unrealistically optimistic
take credit for success, distance self from failure.
self-handicapping
behaviours desinged to self sabotage to prodice excuse for anticipated failure.
fail on purpose to protect self-esteem. take credit when you do well. sandbaggin impair performance, reduce performance pressure. lower expectation.
gender differences.
basking in the glory of others
assoc self w winner
cut off reflected failure = distance self from losers.
downward social comparisons
self-esteem at stake - comparisons w worse off.
uplifting effect.
upward social comparisons
ppl who out preform threaten self-esteem.
self presentation
- which ABC?
2 types
BEHAVIOUR
- try to shape what others think of us & what we think of ourselves
- strategic self presentation
- self-verification
strategic self presentation
effort to shape others impression
- ingratiation, self-promotion.
get along, get ahead.
self-verification
desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourelves.
- what if doesnt align w self-concept = prove that your view of self is right.
self monitoring
tendency to regulate one’s own behaviour to meet demands of situation
high = sensitive to strategic self-presentation concerns. adverse, high performance. fickle, phony
low = true self over range of situations. change behaviour due to internal cues. subborn, principles.
