The Self Flashcards
cocktail party effect
pcik personally relevant stimulus out of complex noisy enviro
self-concept
sum total of beliefs that ppl have about self
self-schemas
schematic
aschematic
- belief about self that guide processing of self-relevant info
schematic - attribute object/characteristic that is relevant to self-concept but not to anyone else.
-aschematic - item doesnt trigger thoughts of self
important first step in development of self-concept?
self-recognition
- “me”
2nd step in development of self-concept?
social factors
looking glass self
ppl serve as mirror in which we see ourselves.
- social factor for developing self-concept.
- draw send of who we are from past and current relationships.
self-concept matches what we think others think of us. = internal audience
sources of self -concept - which ABC?
5 sources?
self- concept = COGNITIVE
- introspection
- perceptions of own behaviour
- influences of others
- autobiographical self
- cultures
introspection
2 problems?
affective forecasting & impact bias
source of self-concept.
- looking inward at thoughts/feelings.
1. mentally busy, fail to understand. 2. overestimate the positives - difficulty projecting forward to predict how they’d feel. impact bias = think they’ll be more affected by event & for longer.
perceptions of own behaviour- self-perception theory
- facial feedback hypothesis
- motivation
- preserve intrinsic interest?
- types of reward
internal cue difficult to interpreat, gain insight by observing own behaviour.
- facial feedback hypothesis: facial feedback can evoke and magnify emotional state thru self-perception.
- motivation: extrinsic vs intrinsic
- overjudtification effect: behaviour attributed to extrinsic and intrinsic motives
- rewards will only undermine interest if interest was high initially
- task-contingent reward : do task, get reward. && performance contingent reward: do well, get reward.
influences of other people - describing self social comparison theory two factor theory of emotion upward social comparison downward social comparison
describe self as different from others. set self apart from individuals in immediate vicinity.
- uncertain about abilities or opinions, evaluate self through comparisons with similar others.
- turn to other people’s emotions to see how we are supposed to feel. physciological arousal - angry or excited?
upward = strive to be better, role model
downward = look at ppl worse off.
autobiographical memories - recency rule reminiscence bumps - transitional firsts flashbulb memory
memories shape perception of self. (and vice versa)
- report more recent events than distant
exception: - reminiscence bump = older adults retrieve memory from youth.
- often remember transtition periods
- flashbulb memory = enduring, detailed, high-resolution recollections.
- -> ppl motivaed to distort past in ways that self-inflate.
cultures
- effect self-construal
individualism : personal, achievement, overestimate own contributions, self as less similar
vs collectivism: group, more satisfaction from group doing well. modest, conform.
- self-construal: independent = unique.
interdependent = my happiness dependent on happiness of those around me.
self- esteem
- which ABC?
2 theories
AFFECT - how you feel about yourself
- sociometer: evolutionarily need to have self esteem to know how we fit into group.
- terror management theory: self esteem is protective shield to control fo terror from inevitability of death. Use cultural and religious world views to have idea of symbolic immortality. contribute to world and feel good about self to leave something behind when you die.
high self esteem people
happier, more success, better sleep, conform less to peer pressure. anxious, avoid acitivities that’ll lead to failure.
assoc w violence. more self clarity and certainty
low self esteem ppl
anxiety, depression, illness.
less task persistence, more learned helplessness.
clearer sense of self when recall critisism and received negative feedback.
