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aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

define aggression

A

behaviour intended to harm another individual

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2
Q
  • extreme acts of aggression
A

violence

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3
Q

strong feelings of displeasure in response to perceived injury

A

anger

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4
Q

hostility = ?

A

negative, antagonistic, attitude toward another person or group. with anger without causing harm

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5
Q

2 types of aggression

A

instrumental aggression

emotional (hostile) aggression

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6
Q

define instrumental aggression:

A

harm is inflicted as means to desired end. AKA proactive. harm to achieve personal gain, self-defense, hurt someone.

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7
Q

emotional (hostile) aggression:

A

harm is inflicted for it’s own sake
- means and end coincide.
AKA reaction aggression. impulsive.

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8
Q

trends in cultures and violence

A

us - highly violent. individualistic countries
individualistic: more independence = rate of aggression, because they care less about social harmony.
collectivist - care about cooperation and social harmony

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9
Q

cultures differ in

  • form of violence
  • people’s attitudes to aggression
A
    • hand guns super high in US. but overall violence lower in US than in england/wales.
    • india: dont mind wife being hit by husband. but low incidence. in US, do min wife being hit. but greater incidence of wife getting hit.
  • differ in aggression regarding children, bullying as hgih as 80-90%
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10
Q

nonviolent societies

A

handful of societies are just non-violent.

cooperation and lack of competition. shared superordinate goals

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11
Q

subcultures within a country

  • age
  • race
  • region
A
  • age: teen/young people are more likely to be victims and perpetratory
  • race: larger majority of murders are intraracial vs interracial. african americans live in more violent america than whites do.
  • region: US murder rate is higher in the south and the west. – culture of honour? hot weather?
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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE: in virtually every culture, males are more violent than females

A

TRUE

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13
Q

t/r for virtually any category of aggression, males are more aggressive than females

A

FALSE

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14
Q

gender & aggression

A

universal findings that men are more violent than women - more perpetrators and victims are male.

  • boys: overtly aggressive - violent, physically aggressive
  • girls: indirectly aggressive. tell lies, shut person out.
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15
Q

specific kind of indirect aggression that consists of gossip, backstab, getting others to dislike the target

A

relational aggression.

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16
Q

gender - T and violence?

A

increased physical aggression assoc w higher T but small effect.
note tho that T is modifiiable by situation.

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17
Q

individual differences in aggression
2- stable
4 -situational

A

aggression in childhood (more likely aggressive as teen/adult)
hostile cognitions, express anger, highly irritable = more aggressive.

  • emotional susceptibility (tendency to feel upset inadequate)
  • narcissims - (tendency to have overly inflated self-esteem. unstable, aggressive when self-worth threatened)
  • type A personality (tendency to be driven by feeling of self-inadequacy)
  • impulsivity (unable to control thoughts/behaviours)
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18
Q

aggression innate (nature)? - evolutionary psychology

A

emphasis on genetic survival rather than survival of the individual.

  • account for inhibition of aggression against genetically related others.
  • human warfare from getting resources and attractive mates, forming intragroup bias.
  • biological children less likely harmed by biological parents than someone not related to.
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19
Q

gender differences in purpose for aggression

A

males aggress to achieve and maintain status. helps female choose that male.
male-female violence triggered by sexual jealousy.
male-male viiolence higher when one male threatened the other’s social power
females aggress to protect offsrping.

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20
Q

aggression innate? behaviour genetics. 2 studies

A

twin studies: MZ vsDZ: inheritable traits will resemble MZ more than DZ
adoptee study: inherited trait: should resemble biological parents more than adopted parents.
mixed results. trend supports heritability to some degree

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21
Q

growing out of violence. leaving high crime years

A

aging out of crime

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22
Q

aggression innate? Testosterone

A

M have higher levels than F.
M in frats - more rambunctious, crude = higher T.
Temporary icnrease in T after aggression is successful.
higher stress - elevated T& aggression. - study: ppl who are voluntarily changing. found increased aggression proneness with more T. maybe indirect roles tho

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23
Q

higher exposure to prenatal T =?

A

finger length. longer ring finger than pointer finger.

assoc with higher aggression from men and higher indirect aggression in females

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24
Q

aggression innate? role of serotonin

A

5-ht appears to restrain impulsive acts of aggression.

- low assoc w high aggression. boost = dampen aggression

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25
Q

aggression innate? brain and executive function

A

structure of frontal lobe assoc w aggression and violent behaviour. - impaire pfc in particular can disrupt executive functioning, to inhibit certain actions.
- in teens watching someone inflict pain, the more aggressive teens have less pfc activation and less amygdala activation. not affected by seeing the violence.

26
Q

t/f: children who are spanked or otherwise physically disciplined (but not abused) tend to become less aggressive

A

false

27
Q

aggression learned?

A

strongly affected by learning, rewards. aggression can be positively and negatively enforces

28
Q

aggression reinforces + -

A

positive: aggression produces desired outcomes
negative: aggression prevents or stops undesirable outcomes

29
Q

3 factors when punishment is most likely to decrease aggression

A
  • immediately follows aggressive behaviour
  • strong enough to deter aggressor
  • consistently applied and perceived as fair and legitimate by aggressor.
30
Q

3 problems with using punishment to reduce aggressive bhaviours

A
  • punishment perceived unfair
  • punishment problematic because teaches other lessons - model for kids to imitate.
  • ## corporal punishment (physical force to cause pain) - linked to aggression later on.
31
Q

social learning theory

- important study and 2 findings

A

behaviour learned through observation of others - learn from examples/mood and experiences with rewards/punishment
BOBO doll
1. saw adult model = more likely to exhbit same behaviour
2. novel ways to be aggressive.

32
Q

social learning study 2

A

live adult vs filmed vs cartoon cat vs no aggression.

  • control had lowest aggression.
  • males aggressed more than females
  • in males, cartoon cat led to very high aggression

– learned specific aggressive behaviour, develop more positive attitudes and beliefs about aggression, construct aggressive “scripts”, positive correlatin btw parents aggressive behaviour and child’s later aggression.

33
Q

observing non-aggressive models

A

decreease aggressive behaiovur.

  • observe non-aggressive responses = show other ways to deal with it. strengthen restraints.
  • non violence and prosocial behaviour reduce aggression and violence.
34
Q

violence and video games

A
  • viewing at age 8 = greater level of aggression 10 years later.
    violent video games causal for increased aggressive behaviour.
35
Q

3 accomplishments of “best instructional practices

A
  • teaching same content across several context.
  • distributing the practice over time
  • inducing emotional and physiologica responses
36
Q

unmoved by violence =?

A

numbing effects

37
Q

male differences and socialization

A

males and females are rewarded differently for aggression.

  • social roles have strong influence on gender differences in physical aggression.
    • overt physical aggression: more socially acceptable in male role than in female role.
38
Q

culture and socialization - cultures of honour

A

more accepting of aggression to protect power, toughness, ability to protect one’s property
- higher rates of domestic violence

39
Q

challenges, abuse, differences in opinions, threats met with fists and weapons

A

machismo

40
Q

insults, aggression & southern culture of honour

A

mostly in american south. culture promotes various aggressive acts.
study: walk down narrow hallway, confederate doesnt move, bump participant and yell. souther - more physiologically primed for aggression, more aroused, more aggressive and dominant behaviours later on.

41
Q

t/f: blowing off steam by engaging in safe but aggressive activities makes people less likely to aggress later

A

FALSE

42
Q

frustration - aggression hypothesis

A

frustration (interruption of getting to goal) always elicits the motive to aggress.
all aggression caused by frustration.

43
Q

motive to aggress is ?

A

psych drive that resembles physio drive.

  • can lead to displacement. move to safer target.
  • catharsis - reduction of displacement of aggression. - engage in less violent behaviour.
44
Q

research supporting frustration-aggression hypothesis?

A

frustration does not always produce aggressive inclinations. other causes of aggression besides frustration.
- displacement valid? scrutinized. scape-goating.

45
Q

catharsis.2 step sequence

A
  1. aggression reduces level of physiological arousal

2. because arousal is reduced, become less angry and less likely to aggress further.

46
Q

problems with catharsis

  • imagined
  • arousal
  • hostile
  • loosen
A
  • imagined aggression or the observation of aggressive models = increase arousal and aggression.
  • aactual aggression can lower arousal levels, but if aggressive intent remains = “cold-blooded” aggression.
  • hostile feelings persist
  • low levels of aggression can loosen restraints against more violent behaviour.
47
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis revised

A

frustration is but one of many unpleasant experiences that can lead to aggression by creating negative, uncomfortable feelings.
(-) feeling not frustration that trigger aggression.

48
Q

perception that you have less than you deserve can lead to aggression

A

relative deprivation

49
Q

causes of aggression?

A

urge to reciprocate

social isolation - rejection = aggression

50
Q

have ability to aggress - that’s innate. what’s nurture?

A

doing the aggressing. learn behaviours, makes it ok. learn to inhibit

51
Q

link between heat & violence

A

lose cool when things get hot. ppl more violent in summer than winter. indirect aggression increases in heat. thought that ppl get uncomfortable in heaet.

  • hotter cities - more violent
  • baseball pitcher more likely to hit batter on hotter days.
52
Q

negative affect - from heat, social rejection. vs positive affect.

A 
negative = increase in aggression
positive = reduce aggression. empathic response reduces aggression
53
Q

intensity of arousal important with regard to aggression

A

excitation transfer- arousa created by 1 stimulus increases arousal to other stimulus.
- vigourous exercise may increase aggression. noise, crowding, violent movie, arousing = increase aggression.

54
Q

thoughts - both automatic and deliberate.

automatic - guns.

A

presence of weapon is situational cue that automatically triggers aggressive thoughts and feelings and may lead to aggressive behaviour
– more electric shock given when guns present vs when sports equipment present.

55
Q

tendency that the likelihood of aggression will increase by mere presence of guns

A

weapons effect

56
Q

handle gun vs game

A

gun = increase T - poured more hot sauce in water other person had to drink
game - almost no increase in T

57
Q

higher order cognition: cognitive control

A

deliberate, thoughtful consideration of situation can influence aggression.

  • costs? flee not fight
  • inappropriate? better alternatives.
58
Q

tendency to perceive hostile intent in others

A

hostile attribution bias.

- rejected kids, see neutral situation as hostile = more aggressive.

59
Q

situational influences on emotional aggression

A

input = aversice experiences, situational cues, individual/cultureal differences = effect on level of aggression: affect, arousal, cognition. + higher order thinking to inhibit or facilitated.

60
Q

reducing violence

A

situational and emotional factors

- reduce stressors, teach nonviolent response, cooperation over competitive,

61
Q

punishing aggression: threat of relatively severe punishment vs mild

A 
severe = doesnt make transgression less appealing. 
mild = justify behaviour as your own attitude changing.
62
Q

5 ways to deal w anger

A 
actively enable to dissipate
communication & problem solving.
emotional control
conflict resolution
empathy reduces aggression

Psych 241 (11 decks)

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