Altruism Flashcards

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1
Q

3 evolutionary factors in helping

A

selfish gene
reciprocal altruism
group-level altruism

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2
Q

evolutionary fact: “the selfish gene”

A
  • kin selection. tendency to help genetic relatives

= important for survival of genes, not survival of the fittest individual

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3
Q

evolutionary factor “reciprocal altruism”

A

advantage of helping when not related?

    • helping can be in your best interest; increase likelihod you’ll be helped in return later on.
  • normative reciprocity?? textbook*
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4
Q

evolutionary factor group-level altruism

A

indirect reciprocity = i help you and somebody helps me.

- group selection: more likely to survive with altruistic members

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5
Q

evolution of morality, empathy

- define empathy - 2 aspects.

A

empathy = understanding or vicariously experiencing another individual’s perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual.
2 aspects:
– perspective taking cognitive.
– empathic concern. emotional

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6
Q

evolution of morality, empathy - only human trait?

A

no. seen in other species.

- binti the gorilla, help and rocked a kid that fell over. evolutionary impulse to take carea and survive.

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7
Q

3 rewards of helping

A

helping others to help oneself
helping to feel good
helping to be good

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8
Q

rewards of helping: helping others to help oneself
- other name?
- fundamental principle?
-

A

social exchange theory.
more likely to help wen potential reward outweight potential costs.
= cost-reward model. cognitive component.
- bystander calculus

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9
Q

what is bystander calculus

A

the “calculation” of erward vs cost when helping. requried for social exchange theory bc need more reward to do action.

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10
Q

rewards of helping: helping to feel good

A

relationship btw helping and feeling better - reducing one’s personal distress.
- often not conscious decision.

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11
Q

top 2 things that are often taked into consideration when helping

A
  1. reward/cost

2. right thing to do.

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12
Q

what is negative state model

A

help to counter their own feelings of sadness - feel better by helping

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13
Q

rewards of helping: helping to be good

A
  • motivated to behave in way that’s consistent with morals/principles.
  • right thing to do.
    • more risky actions/ careers.
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14
Q

potential costs of helping

  • protection
A

more sustained & deliberate AKA risky for you to be assoc w helping
- negative health effects if decreases your quality of life, involves constant, exhausting demands.

good samaritan laws = reduce cost by protected bystander. if bystander helps but something goes wrong, not liable.

duty to rescue - duty of ppl to provide or summon help.

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15
Q

define altruism

define egoistic

A

A - desire to incrase another’s welfare

E - increase one’s own welfare.

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16
Q

Batson’s hypothesis?

A

empathy-altruism hypothesis.

17
Q

in empathic conern

  • is other’s perspective taken?
  • is there an emotional response?
  • how is this motive satisfied.
A

Yes, taken.

empathic concern

reduce other’s distress

18
Q

egoistic reponse
- other perspecitve taken?
emotional response?
motive satisfied?

A

no
personal distress
reduction of own distress

19
Q

how to tell the difference btw egoistic and altruistic motives?
- study

A

how easy it is to escape. easy = decline helping

  • egoistic motive, helping decline when escape from situation is easy
  • altruistic motive: help given regardless of ease of escape
20
Q

limitations to empathy-altruism hypothesis

A

not all help is altruistically motivated = can be mix.

motives =/= behaviour. other costs may be too high, over ride empathic concern.

21
Q

what is bystander effect

A

the presence of others inhibits helping

22
Q

what may contribute to bystander effect?

A
  • apathy, anonymity in groups.

put responsibility on other.

23
Q

what are the 5 steps to helping

A
noticing 
interpreting
taking responsibility
deciding how to help
providing help
24
Q

step 1?

- obstacle

A
noticing
obstacle: do not notice, CANNOT consider helping
self-concern
distraction
- urban-overload
25
Q

step 2?

- obstacle

A

interpreting
obstacles:
- ambiguity: less likely to help when ambiguous sitauation
- relationship between attacker and victim
- behaviour of others - informational influence = pluralistic ignorance: think others feel differently than they do; think others know whats going on, go with what they think.

26
Q

step 3?

obstacle?

A

assuming responsibility

- diffusion of responsibility

27
Q

3 influences of diffusion of responsibility

A

presence of others
anonymity
roles/profession - group leader more likely to help. certain professions less likely to diffuse responsibility

28
Q

step 4?

obstacle?

A

decide how to help
- competence: if don’t feel competent, dont help.
can do indirect assistance tho.

29
Q

step 5?

obstacle

A

help

  • audience inhibition: social consequences
  • costs outweigh the risks
30
Q

3 ways to get help

A

single out individual

  • eye contact
  • point
  • direct request
31
Q

time pressure & Good Samaritan study

A
  • parable where the people “closest to God” didnt stop to help a person in need, but the social religioius outcast did.
  • priests-to-be in study. get ready for speech about parable. told to walk to building across campus.
  • told on time, early, late.
  • early = 63% helped, on time = 43% helped. late - 10% helped
32
Q

how can helping be increased?

A
  • aware of barriers
  • reward prosocial behaviour; not too much tho (overjustification effect)
  • parents show prosocial behaviour to influence kids.
  • playing prosocial video games/ listening to rprosocial music lyrics by increasing empathy and accessibility of thoughts about helping others.
33
Q

the person and likelihood of helping

  • gender
  • ses
  • culture/group
  • religion
  • mood
  • residential mobility
A
  • males help in “brave” acts, female help in “caring” acts.
  • lower SES more likely to help bc more concerned with needs of others.
  • need to view person as ingroup to help; interdependent less likely to help bc clear lines between us/them.
  • religion: more religious - more likely to helpp.
  • feel good do good: bright side, prolong good mood, increase attention to self = more likely to behave according to values/ideals.
  • feel bad, do good. alleviate sadness.
  • community important to help. in one area for longer = more help in community.