Stereotyping, Prejudice & Discrimination Flashcards
define a group
- characteristics?
two or more people perceived as having at least one of the following characteristics:
- interactions over a period of time
- joint membership in a social category
- common fate
stereotypes
which ABC?
beliefs that associate a whole group of ppl with certain traits
- cognition. can be positive or negative
prejudice
negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social group/
- affect - always negative
discrimination
negative behaviour directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.
- behaviour - always negative
3 characteristics of how stereotypes form
- culture and cognition
- social categorization
- ingroup vs outgroup
culture & cognition
factors?
affect how and when we will categorize people.
taught in society, history & culture.
family, media, socialization
social categorization
- leads to?
classification of persons into groups on the base of common attributes
- same time & effort. use past experience to guide new interaction
- leads to: overestimate differences btw groups. underestimate differences within outside groups
ingroup v outgroup - define?
- outgroup homogeneity effect
ingroup = groups that you identify with outgroup = groups you do not identify with OHE = more similarity in out-group than in ingroup.
why are outgroups seen homogenous?
- don’t notive differences bc little personal contact
- dont encounter representative sample of outgroup members.
mechanisms for stereotype maintenance
- illusory correlations
- attributions
- subtyping & contrast effects
- confirmation biases
- self-fulfilling prophecies
illusory correlations - define
- 2 processes
overestimate association btw variables that are not sightly or not at all correlated.
- overestimate association btw distinctive variables. capture attention of novel.
- overestimate association between variables that they expect to go together
attributions
-Fundamental attribution error
interpret stereotype result of 2 causes?
FAE = attributing to personal rather than situational.
- internal stereotype: fail to account for external = perpetuate stereotype
- external stereotype: contradict stereotype - attribute to something else to avoid stereotype.
subtyping and contrast effects
subtyping:create subgroups to explain individuals who are discrepant (career woman)
contrast effects: perceive stimuli that differ from expectation to be more different than it is.
confirmation bias
seek information that confirms expectations
self-fulfilling prophecies
stereotypes cause us to terat others in ways that encourage them to behave in stereotypical manner
prejudice
2 theories
negative feelings toward a person based on his membership in a particular social group
- realistic group theory
- social identity theory
realistic group therapy
- hostility btw group caused by competition for limited resource.
robber cave study. reduced inter-grou conflict with superordinate goals
social identity theory
ingroup favouritism: discriminate in favour of ingroups over outgroups. to enhance self esteem.
BIRG and CORF
- threats to self-esteem heighten ingroup favouritism.
-ingroup favouritism enhance self-esteem.
define stigmatized
individuals who, by virtue of membership in social group are targets of negative stereotypes and are devalued in society.
2 consequences of discrimination
perceiving discrimination
stereotype threat
perceiving discrimination
- impact on self esteem?
explain negative as prejudice
explain positive as reverse discrimination
- self-protective function. negative reaction
- decrease self-esteem: for +
stereotype threat
fear among members that they’ll confirm negative stereotype.
- fear of avoiding stereotype reduces performance.
disidentification - no longer associate domain as relevant to self esteem or identity.
3 ways to reduce discrimination
intergroup contact
jigsaw classroom
decategorization and recategorization
intergroup contact
contact hypothesis- direct contact reduce discrimination
need:
- equal status
- personal interaction
- cooperative activity
- social norms
jigsaw classroom
cooperative learning enviro.
each kid has part to learn, need to teach each other
decategorization
recategorization
- de = pay less attention to group boundaries
- re = change in conceptions of groups
