Stereotyping, Prejudice & Discrimination

Question 1

define a group

- characteristics?

Answer 1

two or more people perceived as having at least one of the following characteristics:

• interactions over a period of time
• joint membership in a social category
• common fate

Question 2

stereotypes

which ABC?

Answer 2

beliefs that associate a whole group of ppl with certain traits
- cognition. can be positive or negative

Question 3

prejudice

Answer 3

negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social group/
- affect - always negative

Question 4

discrimination

Answer 4

negative behaviour directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.
- behaviour - always negative

Question 5

3 characteristics of how stereotypes form

Answer 5

1. culture and cognition
2. social categorization
3. ingroup vs outgroup

Question 6

culture & cognition

factors?

Answer 6

affect how and when we will categorize people.
taught in society, history & culture.
family, media, socialization

Question 7

social categorization

- leads to?

Answer 7

classification of persons into groups on the base of common attributes

• same time & effort. use past experience to guide new interaction
• leads to: overestimate differences btw groups. underestimate differences within outside groups

Question 8

ingroup v outgroup - define?

- outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 8

ingroup = groups that you identify with
outgroup = groups you do not identify with
OHE = more similarity in out-group than in ingroup.

Question 9

why are outgroups seen homogenous?

Answer 9

• don’t notive differences bc little personal contact

- dont encounter representative sample of outgroup members.

Question 10

mechanisms for stereotype maintenance

Answer 10

1. illusory correlations
2. attributions
3. subtyping & contrast effects
4. confirmation biases
5. self-fulfilling prophecies

Question 11

illusory correlations - define

- 2 processes

Answer 11

overestimate association btw variables that are not sightly or not at all correlated.

1. overestimate association btw distinctive variables. capture attention of novel.
2. overestimate association between variables that they expect to go together

Question 12

attributions
-Fundamental attribution error
interpret stereotype result of 2 causes?

Answer 12

FAE = attributing to personal rather than situational.

• internal stereotype: fail to account for external = perpetuate stereotype
• external stereotype: contradict stereotype - attribute to something else to avoid stereotype.

Question 13

subtyping and contrast effects

Answer 13

subtyping:create subgroups to explain individuals who are discrepant (career woman)
contrast effects: perceive stimuli that differ from expectation to be more different than it is.

Question 14

confirmation bias

Answer 14

seek information that confirms expectations

Question 15

self-fulfilling prophecies

Answer 15

stereotypes cause us to terat others in ways that encourage them to behave in stereotypical manner

Question 16

prejudice

2 theories

Answer 16

negative feelings toward a person based on his membership in a particular social group

• realistic group theory
• social identity theory

Question 17

realistic group therapy

Answer 17

• hostility btw group caused by competition for limited resource.
  robber cave study. reduced inter-grou conflict with superordinate goals

Question 18

social identity theory

Answer 18

ingroup favouritism: discriminate in favour of ingroups over outgroups. to enhance self esteem.
BIRG and CORF
- threats to self-esteem heighten ingroup favouritism.
-ingroup favouritism enhance self-esteem.

Question 19

define stigmatized

Answer 19

individuals who, by virtue of membership in social group are targets of negative stereotypes and are devalued in society.

Question 20

2 consequences of discrimination

Answer 20

perceiving discrimination

stereotype threat

Question 21

perceiving discrimination

- impact on self esteem?

Answer 21

explain negative as prejudice
explain positive as reverse discrimination
- self-protective function. negative reaction
- decrease self-esteem: for +

Question 22

stereotype threat

Answer 22

fear among members that they’ll confirm negative stereotype.
- fear of avoiding stereotype reduces performance.
disidentification - no longer associate domain as relevant to self esteem or identity.

Question 23

3 ways to reduce discrimination

Answer 23

intergroup contact
jigsaw classroom
decategorization and recategorization

Question 24

intergroup contact

Answer 24

contact hypothesis- direct contact reduce discrimination

need:
- equal status
- personal interaction
- cooperative activity
- social norms

Question 25

jigsaw classroom

Answer 25

cooperative learning enviro.

each kid has part to learn, need to teach each other

Question 26

decategorization

recategorization

Answer 26

• de = pay less attention to group boundaries

- re = change in conceptions of groups