Social Judgement Flashcards
define social perception
process by which people come to understand one another
elements of social perception
- 3 broad
- first impressions
person, situation, behaviour.
first impressions subtly influenced by different aspects of a person’s appearance.
baby faces
- seen as?
why?
large, round eyes, round cheeks, smooth skin, rounded chind.
- seen as warm, kind naive, weak, honest, submissive.
mature faces = wrinkles, small eyes - stronger, dominant, more competent
- why? genetic programming to act gently to infantile features.
Scripts?
- how experience effects script?
- why scripts influence social perceptions
- scripts = preset notions about certain types of situations
- more experience = more detailed script. better able to sequence list of actions.
- scripts influence social perceptions because we see what we expect to see, use situations to explain causes of human behaviour.
behaviour - derive meaning from observations. fine detail vs gross units?
- discrete units = fine detail. pay more attention and remember more about event.
- gross details - remember overview
nonverbal behaviour
- how many “universal” expressions
- fucntion of nonverbal communication?
- mirror neurons?
- other nonverbal cues
behavioural cues used to ID person’s inner states.
- 6 universal expressions. happiness most accurate. better at judging in-groups than out-groups.
- elicit empathy. mimic facial expressions.
- MN - fire when do action & fire when watch others do action.
- thin slices of expressive behaviour; eye contact, physical touch, cultural differences.
distinguishing truth from deception
face - easy to control
body - harder to control - body tells the truth.
why do we have difficulty detecting lies
- mismatch btw behavioural cues that signal deception and the ones used to detect deception
- people tend to assume that the way to spot a liar is to watch for signs of stress in behaviour
4 channels of communication provide relevant information
words -not trusted
face - controllable
body - mroe revealing than face
voice - most revealing cue.
attribution theories
- 2 categories of attribution
covariation model
- personal attributions, situational attributions.
- form attribution by noting pattern btw presence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behaviour occurs.
correspondent inference theory
- attribution of behaviour to personaltiy
inferences based on 3 factors
- infer from action whether act corresponds to personal characteristic of the actor
- degree of choice; expectedness of behaviour; intended effects or consequences of someone’s behaviour.
kelley’s covariation model
3 covariation’s
attribute behaviour to factors that are present when a behaviour occurs and absent when it does not.
- consensus: are others acting to same stimulus?
- distinctiveness: react the same or different to same stimuli?
- consistency: behaviour consistent over time.
cognitive heuristics
- problem??
information-processing rule of thumb. mental shortcuts.
think - quick & easy.
- problem? frequently lead to error.
availability heuristic
- problems?
- tendency to estimate the likelihood that event will occur by how easily it comes to mind.
- false-consensus effect: overestimate extent to which others share opinionsm, attributes, behaviours
- base rate fallacy: insensitive to numerical data. more receptive to vivid images. (see school shooting, not mundane death)
- counterfactual thinking: imagine alternative outcomes. better result = disappointed, worse result = satisfaction
fundamental attribution error
explain other’s behaviour by overestimate personal, overlook situation.
