Social Judgement Flashcards
define social perception
process by which people come to understand one another
elements of social perception
- 3 broad
- first impressions
person, situation, behaviour.
first impressions subtly influenced by different aspects of a person’s appearance.
baby faces
- seen as?
why?
large, round eyes, round cheeks, smooth skin, rounded chind.
- seen as warm, kind naive, weak, honest, submissive.
mature faces = wrinkles, small eyes - stronger, dominant, more competent
- why? genetic programming to act gently to infantile features.
Scripts?
- how experience effects script?
- why scripts influence social perceptions
- scripts = preset notions about certain types of situations
- more experience = more detailed script. better able to sequence list of actions.
- scripts influence social perceptions because we see what we expect to see, use situations to explain causes of human behaviour.
behaviour - derive meaning from observations. fine detail vs gross units?
- discrete units = fine detail. pay more attention and remember more about event.
- gross details - remember overview
nonverbal behaviour
- how many “universal” expressions
- fucntion of nonverbal communication?
- mirror neurons?
- other nonverbal cues
behavioural cues used to ID person’s inner states.
- 6 universal expressions. happiness most accurate. better at judging in-groups than out-groups.
- elicit empathy. mimic facial expressions.
- MN - fire when do action & fire when watch others do action.
- thin slices of expressive behaviour; eye contact, physical touch, cultural differences.
distinguishing truth from deception
face - easy to control
body - harder to control - body tells the truth.
why do we have difficulty detecting lies
- mismatch btw behavioural cues that signal deception and the ones used to detect deception
- people tend to assume that the way to spot a liar is to watch for signs of stress in behaviour
4 channels of communication provide relevant information
words -not trusted
face - controllable
body - mroe revealing than face
voice - most revealing cue.
attribution theories
- 2 categories of attribution
covariation model
- personal attributions, situational attributions.
- form attribution by noting pattern btw presence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behaviour occurs.
correspondent inference theory
- attribution of behaviour to personaltiy
inferences based on 3 factors
- infer from action whether act corresponds to personal characteristic of the actor
- degree of choice; expectedness of behaviour; intended effects or consequences of someone’s behaviour.
kelley’s covariation model
3 covariation’s
attribute behaviour to factors that are present when a behaviour occurs and absent when it does not.
- consensus: are others acting to same stimulus?
- distinctiveness: react the same or different to same stimuli?
- consistency: behaviour consistent over time.
cognitive heuristics
- problem??
information-processing rule of thumb. mental shortcuts.
think - quick & easy.
- problem? frequently lead to error.
availability heuristic
- problems?
- tendency to estimate the likelihood that event will occur by how easily it comes to mind.
- false-consensus effect: overestimate extent to which others share opinionsm, attributes, behaviours
- base rate fallacy: insensitive to numerical data. more receptive to vivid images. (see school shooting, not mundane death)
- counterfactual thinking: imagine alternative outcomes. better result = disappointed, worse result = satisfaction
fundamental attribution error
explain other’s behaviour by overestimate personal, overlook situation.
overconfidence barrier
too much confidence in judgements
perceptual salience
info that is focus of people’s attention, ppl overestimate causal role of perceptually salient info.
actor/observer difference
see other behaviour as dispositional, explain out behaviour as situational.
two step model at attribution process
- evidence
- automatic first step - fail to factor in external.
- effortful second step. - take into account all info; personal and situational to make more accurate judgements.
- quick impressions based on brief sample of behaviour; commit FAE when cognitively busy; perceptual bias
culture and attribution
- kids vs adults?
- background vs foreground
- bicultural social perceivers
- kids = equal in personal and situational
- adults; western = more personal; eastern = more situational.
- west = foreground, east = foreground&background equally.
- when primed with images on either culture - attribute consistent w that culture
defensive attributions
explanations about behaviour that defend us from feelings of vulnerability and mortality. - belief in just world.
motivational biases
- self esteem
- ideological perspective
- belief in just world
- need for self esteem biases social perceptions. Told one trait is favoured, more likely to associate self with that.
- conservative perspective vs liberal.
- individuals deserve what they get. blame others, keep ourselves separate from situation. blame ppl to protect it from happening to us.
priming
- evidence: words, visual info, auditory, or physical feeling
tendency for recently used words to come to mind easily and influence the interaction of new info.
implicit personality theory
network of assumptions that we make about the relationships among traits and behaviours
