The Russian Revolution Flashcards
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Duma
- Russian Parliament
- legislative body
- constituted the imperial Russian legislature from 1906- March 1917
- established by Czar Nicholas II
- was dissolved shortly after its establishment
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Nicholas II
- Czar of Russia 1891-1917
- last Czar of Russia
- forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Russian Revolution
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October Manifesto
- solutions/ reforms put in place in Russia by Czar Nicholas II as result of the many problems occurring in Russia
- Czar promised freedoms
- Czar established duma
- Czar appointed Peter Stolypin as Prime Minister
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Pogrom
- large problem in Russia under leadership of Czar Nicholas II
- mob attacks against Jews
- restricted where Jews could live
- restricted where Jews could be employed
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Revolution of 1905
- workers striked
- peasants revolted
- cries of nationalists
- assassinations of public officials
- these resulted in Czar Nicholas II to be forced into sweeping reforms
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Zemstvo
- locally elected government (didn’t work)
- part of the sweeping reforms in Russia as result of internal problems
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Bolsheviks
- group of revolutionary Russian Marxists
- took control of Russia’s government (November 1917)
- seized power in Moscow
- forced to consolidate their control of the Russian government
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command economy
- government makes all economic decisions
- production, investment, prices, and incomes
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Five Year Plan(s)
- Stalin’s economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI
- command economy (government makes all economic decisions)
- build heavy industry (transportation and increase farm output)
- agriculture (brought under government control)
- collectives (large farms owned and operated by groups of peasants
- Kulaks (wealthy peasants were sent to labor camps)
- Stalin;s agricultural policies lead to terrible famine (as many as 8 million people starved to death)
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The Great Purge
- A campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin’s power
- Stalin’s attacks on anyone in the party/army he saw as a threat (eventually happened to ordinary citizens)
- given “show trials” where people were executed or sent to labor camps
- 4 million deaths
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Holodomor
- Stalin’s agricultural policies that lead to terrible famine
- 8 million deaths
- known as “death by starvation” in Ukraine
- USSR starved people of Ukraine
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Alexander Kerensky
- replacement of Czar Nicholas II after Revolutions of 1917
- led a provisional government
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V.I. Lenin
- first leader of the Soviet Union
- brother of assassin Aleksandr Ulyanov who plotted against Alexander III
- USSR
- established New Economic Policy (NEP)
- showed some success
- industrial output increased
- adapted Marxist thought to better fit the needs and conditions in Russia
- Supreme Soviet –> elected legislature
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March Revolution
Romanov dynasty was removed from power after 300 years of rule and replaced with the provisional government led by Alexander Kerensky
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NEP
- New Economic Policy
- government retained control of major industries and financial institutions BUT small businesses were allowed to operate for profit
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November Revolution
- Lenin and Bolshevik followers overthrew provisional government and took over the Russian government
- Treaty of Brest- Litovsk (March 1918)
- Bolsheviks seized power in Moscow
- land reform
- workers in control of production
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proletariat
- working class
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Rasputin
- Russian peasant monk who was able to influence Russian politics
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soviets
- A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.
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Josef Stalin
- “man of steel”
- leader of USSR
- battled for power against Leon Trotsky after Lenin died
- gained control of party infrastructure and leadership–> used this to defeat his rival claimants to the head of the USSR
- first goal of industrialization
- created the 5 year plan(s)
- caused Holodomor
- died in 1953
- left no official procedure for a successor
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Treaty of Brest- Litovsk
- treaty that ended Russia’s fighting with Germany
- treaty stating the withdrawal of Russia from WWI.
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Leon Trotsky
- Russian revolutionary and Communist theorist who helped Lenin and built up the army
- opponent to power against Stalin after Lenin died
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Whites
Anti-communists
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reds
communists