Age of Discovery

Question 1

Prince Henry the Navigator

Answer 1

From Portugal, set up an oceanic navigation school at Sagres in Portugal. Worked on improving ships and explored west Africa from this school. So important for setting the stage for the modern world.

Question 2

Bartholomew Diaz

Answer 2

Discovered the tip of Africa or the idea that Africa “ended,” rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Showed that the Atlantic and Indian oceans flowed into each other; before it was believed that the Indian Ocean was landlocked.

Question 3

Vasco da Gama

Answer 3

First person to sail directly from Europe to India around Africa. He did this by rounding the Cape in 1497 and then landing in Calicut, India in 1498. He helped create a Portuguese foothold in India by the early 1500s. Dodged scurvy and made his journey 3000% profit.

Question 4

Queen Isabella/ King Ferdinand

Answer 4

Queen and King of Spain, funded Columbus’ voyage to the Americas/ New World. Isabella wanted to spread Christianity.

Question 5

Christopher Columbus

Answer 5

Italian explorer that believed that sailing west to east was the best option to get new sources of wealth.

Question 6

Pope Alexander VI

Answer 6

When explorers landed somewhere, they would stick the flag down and claim it for their country. The problem was that the Spanish and Portuguese wanted the same places, but since they were both Roman Catholic, the pope (the leader of the Roman Catholic empire) stepped in. He set the Line of Demarcation in 1493. This line gave the Portuguese the eastern side and Spain the western side. AKA the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494

Question 7

Amerigo Vespucci

Answer 7

Italian explorer that was the first to identify the New World as a New Continent. German mapmaker, Martin Waldseemuler placed Amerigo’s name on his 1507 world map

Question 8

Balboa

Answer 8

Spanish explorer, first European to see the Pacific ocean (south sea) by sailing through the Caribbean and landing in Panama.

Question 9

Magellan

Answer 9

Spanish; His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world. Involved in a conflict with the Philippines along the way and was killed.

Question 10

Hernan Cortez

Answer 10

Spanish, went to Mexico with 600 men and 16 horses. Moctezuma, leader of the Aztecs welcomed them and then tried to drive them out. Cortes conquered the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, in 1521 and built Mexico City. Blueprint for conquering made a book that inspired Pizarro.

Question 11

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 11

Spanish, conquered the Inca Empire in Peru after following Cortes. Killed its leader, Atahualpa then went to Ecuador and Chile.

Question 12

Line of Demarcation/ Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 12

When explorers landed somewhere, they would stick the flag down and claim it for their country. The problem was that the Spanish and Portuguese wanted the same places, but since they were both Roman Catholic, the pope (the leader of the Roman Catholic empire) stepped in. He set the Line of Demarcation in 1493. This line gave the Portuguese the eastern side and Spain the western side. AKA the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494

Question 13

cartography

Answer 13

the science or practice of drawing maps

Question 14

circumnavigation

Answer 14

sailing around the globe, all the way

Question 15

Conquisadors

Answer 15

one that conquers, like the Spanish of the Aztec and the Inca

Question 16

Aztec Empire

Answer 16

dominant in Mexico, conquered by Cortes

Question 17

Incan Empire

Answer 17

dominant in Peru, conquered by Pizarro

Question 18

chattel

Answer 18

ownership of humans, where a slave has the legal status of the property so he can be sold as property

Question 19

social classes in “New World”

Answer 19

Peninsulares - born in Spain

Creoles - American-born descendants of Spanish

Mestizo - native American and European

Mulattoes - African and European

Question 20

encomienda

Answer 20

the right to demand labor established by the Spanish Crown; rewarded the Spanish with land and laborers

Question 21

Viceroy

Answer 21

representatives who controlled colonies in the King’s name

Question 22

Columbian Exchange

Answer 22

trade of foods, animals, diseases, people from Europe to America to Asia

Question 23

inflation

Answer 23

population increase = greater demand = higher prices

Question 24

Mercantilism

Answer 24

there are a fixed amount of resources in the world; export more than you import; colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country

Question 25

Mughal Empire

Answer 25

strong leadership and unity under capable leaders. Gave European powers trading rights, really only to sell their own products and then get money. Covered more than 1.2 million square miles and ruled ¼ of the world’s population at the time. Controlled most of India. Weakened by conflict and succumbed to the powers of the wet. After, the British became dominant in India.

Question 26

Ming Empire

Answer 26

China; restricted european trade to only trading season and through on location “Guangzhou.” Taken over in 1644 by Manchus

Question 27

Qing Empire

Answer 27

final imperial dynasty in China; started by Manchus. Enforced culturally restrictive policies: no intermarriage with Chinese and no foot binding. Qing emphasized teachings and philosophy of Confucius. Pushed for more exports than imports, hated merchants.

Question 28

Tokugawa Shogunate

Answer 28

japanese dynasty; cut off trade with the west, persecuted Christians, forbade Japanese from leaving, isolated until Matthew Perry in 1853

Question 29

How was the Age of Discovery related to the Renaissance, Reformation, and maybe even the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 29

Both surrounded the Roman Catholic Church, Europe, new ideas/ philosophies, etc. There was an increasing search for knowledge and to know things beyond ordinary life.
Additionally, they all countered the Catholic Church teachings: the Renaissance brought intellectual discovery and less reliance on the church, the Reformation allowed people to recognize the corruption of the church, and the Scientific revolution separated religion from science.

Question 30

What historical certainty does the rise and fall of Portugal, the Dutch, and Spain demonstrate?

Answer 30

The idea that rise and fall or competition occurs in history. The Portuguese began with control of the spice trade, then the Dutch, then the English. Building upon the idea of survival of the fittest, the more powerful nation thrives; however, this can change quickly.

Question 31

How were just a few hundred Spanish soldiers able to take up so much land and defeat thousands of Aztecs and Incas?

Answer 31

Military tactics (steel swords, guns, armor, horses), disease (small pox), native division (division is weakness, Inca Civil War before Spanish arrived, Spanish took advantage of this division), political support from the mother country (money, men, boats, etc.), and having a written language (by the Spanish, document journeys like Cortes).

Question 32

What impacts did the takeover of the new World by Europeans have on the World?

Answer 32

The Columbian Exchange. Brought foods, goods, weapons, ideas, plants, animals, religion, and people to the New World. This would advance, but also set back the New World significantly.

Question 33

How do we know the leaders of the Mughal and Qing Empires were strong, capable, and stable?

Answer 33

The leaders of the Mughal and Qing Empires were strong, capable, and stable due to the fact that they each lead for decades at a time. This allowed consistency within the Empires and large population increases.

Examples of these emperors: Kangxi and Qianlong

Question 34

Why were the empires in Asia initially able to resist encroachment or even takeover by Europeans? Why did that Change?

Answer 34

These empires were initially able to resist encroachment by Europeans by:
Expanding with land
Emperors were well-liked or respected enough to keep people in line
Like Marshal Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia
Restricted trade
Only one place to trade “Guangzhou”
Trading “season”
High demands, little supply
People go crazy or jump through hoops for the goods
Long ruling leaders
Consistent
FDR ruled long, strong leader
Putin shows the opposite
Good thing in Qing Empire though
This changed as these empires grew more isolationist. Since they weren’t allowing trade or outside ideas, other countries were technologically advancing. Guns were being introduced which proved how dated the Chinese and Japanese Empires were.

Question 35

Akbar the Great

Answer 35

• extended the reach of the dynasty; India tripled in size/ wealth, political, social, cultural reforms, religious tolerance

Question 36

Shah Jahan

Answer 36

• Golden Age of the Mughal Empire, political, cultural, economic development; built the Taj Mahal; patron of architecture

Question 37

Shahanshah Aurandzeb

Answer 37

• continued expansion, last mughal ruler; his policies led to its dissolution