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World Studies Honors > Middle East History > Flashcards

Middle East History Flashcards

1
Q

zionism

A

international political movement for the establishment of a national/religious Jewish community in Palestine and for the support of modern Israel
- derived from belief one is only safe in their own country
- result of Jews being persecuted in late 19th century

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2
Q

Balfour Declaration

A

Britain’s declaration in support of zionism
- issued early November, 1917
- “His Majesty’s Government view with favor
the establishment in Palestine of a national
home for the Jewish people, and will use
their best endeavors to facilitate the
achievement of this object…”
- “…it being clearly understood that nothing
shall be done which may prejudice the civil
and religious rights of existing non-Jewish
communities in Palestine, or the rights and
political status enjoyed by Jews in any
other country.”

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3
Q

1948 War of Independence

A
  • “War of Independence”
  • coalition of arab nations (Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon) attacked Israel
  • Israel prevailed
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4
Q

Israel

A
  • established in 1948
  • David Ben-Gurion = founding father and first Prime Minister of modern Israel
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5
Q

David Ben-Gurion

A
  • founding father of Israel (1948)
    -first Prime Minister of Modern Israel
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6
Q

Six Day War

A
  • “The Setback”
  • 1967
  • where Israel defeated 3 armies, gained more territory, and became the preeminent military power in the region
  • between Arabs and Israel
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7
Q

Occupied territories

A

the land Israel controlled after the Six-Day War that was originally Palestinian territories (Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights)

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8
Q

UN Resolution 242

A
  • “Land for Peace”
  • Israel promised to relinquish control of Occupied Territories in exchange for international recognition
  • By giving “that for this” Israel would be less likely to have to defend itself from outright war with its
    neighbors
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9
Q

Arab revolt of 1936

A
  • longest nationalist rebellion of British mandatory control of Palestine
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10
Q

Suez Crisis

A
  • crisis that occurred when Britain and France attempted to seize control of the Suez Canal from Egypt
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11
Q

Camp David Accords

A
  • peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agreed to recognize the nation state of Israel
  • U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat (Egypt), and Menchem Begin (Israel) assisted in signing this treaty
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12
Q

Hamas

A
  • Palestinian fundamentalist organization that was formed to fight for Palestinian Independence
  • formed in late 1980’s
  • terrorist group attempting to replace Israel with an Islamic State
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13
Q

Intifada

A
  • “the uprising” against Israel by some Palestinians
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14
Q

Oslo Accords

A
  • secret peace discussions between Israel and the Palestinians
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15
Q

OPEC

A
  • an organization of countries to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum
  • formed in 1961
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16
Q

Menachem Begin

A
  • leader of Israel who signed peace treaty with Egypt (Camp David Accords)
17
Q

Gamal Nasser

A
  • leader of Egypt 1956-1970
  • nationalized Suez Canal-> led to Suez Crisis
  • caused dispute between Egypt, Israel, France, and Britain
  • promoted Pan-Arabism (the unification of Arab states in Middle East and North Africa)
18
Q

Yasser Arafat

A
  • leader of PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)
  • initially fought with Israel, and eventually agreed with UN Resolution 242
  • goal to destruct Israel
19
Q

Anwar Sadat

A
  • leader of Egypt 1970-1981
  • first to recognize Israel’s right to exist
  • Egyptian leader that signed Camp David Accords with Israel
20
Q

President Jimmy Carter

A
  • from Georgia
  • became President
  • made peace between Israel and Egypt with Camp David peace Accord
  • won a nobel peace prize
  • gave control of the Panama Canal to Panama
21
Q

Yitzak Rabin

A
  • Prime Minister of Israel 1992-1995
  • assisted in the Oslo Accords (agreement between Israel and PLO)
  • killed in 1995 by Jewish extremists
  • agreed to grant the Palestinians their own land
22
Q

Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

A
  • ruler of Iran
  • favored the west
  • closed ties with U.S.
  • used oil for wealth
  • redistributed land to peasants
  • gave women more rights
  • gave Iran’s oil industry over to Western control
23
Q

Saddam Hussein

A
  • dictator in Iraq
  • tried to violently take over Iran and Kuwait for land and resources
  • refused to let UN in Iraq to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction
24
Q

Hosni Mubarak

A
  • leader of Egypt 1981-2011
  • continued the policy of recognizing Israel’s right to exist started by Sadat
  • taken from power as result of “Arab Spring”(uprisings in several Arab nations from end of 2010-mid 2012)
25
Q

Hezbollah

A
  • islamist militant group and political party based in Lebanon
  • seeks to rid Lebanon and ME from western and zionist influences, supported by Iran
26
Q

Iran

A
  • battled over by Russia and Great Britain (bc of oil control, geography, and resources)
  • division among Iranians
  • Shah fled during revolution in 1979
  • Ayatollah Khomeini ascended to power
  • Ayatollah Khomeini was spiritual leader, established theocracy, and was a proponent of muslim fundamentalism
  • Ali Khameni succeeded Ayatollah Khomeini
  • former president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
27
Q

modern Iran ongoing problems

A
  • 1953: CIA and British authorities engineer a coup to depose president Mossadeq
  • the returned Shah (Mohammed Reza Pahlavi) ruled with an iron hand until 1979
28
Q

Turkey

A
  • successfully integrated modernization of Islam
  • established by Mustafa Kemal “Ataturk” …“father of the Turks”
  • engaged in political, economic, and cultural reforms that made Turkey modern/secular
  • has been moving towards more autocratic chief executive Erdogan
29
Q

First Gulf War

A
  • August 1990- February 1991
  • Iraq invaded Kuwait and threatened other countries in the region
30
Q

Iraq

A
  • led by Saddam Hussein 1979-2003
  • First Gulf War
  • Desert Storm: coalition of nations, led by U.S., used military actions to liberate Kuwait
  • second Gulf War led by second US President Bush
    - led to the overthrow and death of Saddam
    Hussein
  • political unrest ebbs and flows
31
Q

Pan- Arabism

A

the unification of Arab states in middle East and North Africa

32
Q

Arab Spring

A
  • uprisings in several Arab nations from end of 2010-mid 2012
33
Q

PLO

A

Palestine Liberation Organization

34
Q

Ayatollah Khomeini

A
  • spiritual leader of revolution of 1979
  • Shiite religious leader of Iran
  • led 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran
  • ordered invasion of U.S. Embassy
  • established theocracy
  • proponent of muslim fundamentalism
  • succeeded by Ali Khameni
35
Q

Desert Storm

A
  • coalition of nations
  • led by U.S.
  • used military actions to liberate Kuwait

World Studies Honors (13 decks)

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