Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
RENAISSANCE
Renaissance
- French word for “rebirth”
- new age for the modern world
RENAISSANCE
Italian Renaissance
- began in Italy because it had money
- advancements in art/architecture
- advancements in humanism/individualism
- Revived by Greek and Romans
- Renaissance began in Italy
- specialization and trade rose
- created city-states in Italy for commerce
- Venice became a trade hub & known for boats/religious topics
RENAISSANCE
Why Italy
- Center of Roman Empire
- italian city states were best suited for the
renaissance because:
- they weren’t neglected/damaged after the medieval times
- they were wealthy trade centers (peninsula)
- they were home to major roman artifacts
RENAISSANCE
Northern vs. Southern Renaissance
- northern- more peaceful and interested in day to day life and what they saw
- south- more interested in religion
RENAISSANCE
Francesco Petrarch
- Father of humanism
- reintroduced the work of cicero virgil (poet), and - - homer (author) (Western Europeans)
- Florentine in the 1300s
- wrote his own literature- “Sonnets to Laura”- love poems
RENAISSANCE
Leonardo da Vinci
- Quintessential “Renaissance Man”
- Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, scientist
- works: Mona Lisa, Last Supper- worked tirelessly
RENAISSANCE
Michelangelo
- Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet
- works: Sistine Chapel, David, Pieta, dome atop St. Peter’s Cathedral
RENAISSANCE
The Madonnas
- artworks that reference to catholic church and mother mary
- another name for mary
- representations/paintings of Mary, either alone of with Jesus
- representations of Mary, translates to “My Lady”, represents purity, virginity, and loyalty
RENAISSANCE
Medici
- Medici Family in Florence, “Lorenzo the magnificent”
- patron, financial supporter of the arts
- successful banking business
- Cosimo dé Medici: gained control of Florentine government in 1434
RENAISSANCE
Thomas More
- Best known for writing “Utopia” that described a world of peace and harmony where everyone was educated
- executed for rejecting Henry VIII’s rule after he left the Catholic Church
RENAISSANCE
Pieter Bruegel
- painted religious scenes and scenes of peasant life
- used vibrant colors
- continued Flemish trend of depicted common people
- painted scenes from day to day life (peasants growing and planting wheat)
RENAISSANCE
Machiavelli
- served as a senior official in Florentine government
- observed diplomats, and the kings and princes of other courts
- studied ancient history, highly influenced by the Greek soldier/philosopher Xenophon
- Published “The Prince” in 1513, a guide to being a prince, according to the Machiavelli’s observations and experiences
REFORMATION
Luther’s Position
- encouraged to become an academic to slave off his introspections
- would become a doctor of Theology and succeed his teacher as Chair of Theology
- believed that the Bible was the source of religious truth (not the Roman Catholic Church)
- banned indulgences /confessions /pilgrimages /prayers to saints, simplified mass
REFORMATION
95 Theses
- written by Luther
- mad about the corruption
- drafted 95 theses against indulgences and nailed them to the church door
- written in latin
REFORMATION
Indulgences
not in the Bible, you paid to absolve your sins/go to heaven
REFORMATION
John Calvin
- french priest/lawyer
- published “institutes of Christian religion” which gave advice on how to organize a protestant church with his own beliefs
- Believed that salvation only came from faith
- Bible was the only source of Truth
- believed in predestination
REFORMATION
Henry VII
- Henry VIII was against protestantism
- he denounced Luther
- had multiple wives to get his male heir to the throne
- his advisors were open to Protestant teachings and convinced Parliament to pass a law making the English church controlled by Henry VIII instead of the Pope
- in 1534 he created the act of Supremacy which decreed Henry as the only Supreme head on Earth of the Church of England
- after his death his son Edward VI became king
REFORMATION
Gutenberg’s impact
- the first complete Bible with the printing press
- He created the movable type printing press
- quickened the spread of knowledge, discoveries, and literacy in Renaissance Europe
REFORMATION
Diet of Worms
- trial of martin luther for having ideas/ teachings for anti roman catholic church ideas/ teachings
- was brought the the city to be questioned on if he wrote these teachings and if he “takes what he said back” (he did not which sparked the reformation even more)
REFORMATION
Peace of Augsburg
- treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and the Schmalkaldic League
- signed in September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg
- don’t care about religious faith, just be loyal to leader
REFORMATION
Catholic Reformation
- aimed at reforming the Catholic Church’s corruption and resulted in the creation of Protestantism, a major branch of Christianity
- results were that made catholic areas more devout than previously, catholic tenets of piety and chanty flourished, and spread of protestantism slowed but left a north/south divide in europe
REFORMATION
Ignatius Loyola
- founder of the jesuits
- example of the catholic reformation
- Roman catholic leaders want to “breed more catholics” to remain strong
- Society of Jesuits was formed to combat heresy and spread catholicism
- they traveled to Protestant lands to spread Catholicism in Asia Africa and America
- piece of catholicism, teach everyone catholicism and teach their kids and their kids
AGE OF DISCOVERY
All Water Route
- the route new explorers took around africa
- tried to get to spice islands without going through land
- quicker trip, more goods, don’t have to pay to go on a road
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Henry the Navigator
- prince explorer from portugal
- set up navigator school at sagres in portugal
- improved ships and traveled down West Africa to spread ideas to the schools
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Spain and Portugal Leading the Way
- The first successful explorers were Spanish and portuguese (Prince Henry the navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, Vasco da Gama, Magellan, Hernan Cortez, Balboa, Christopher Columbus)
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Mercantilism
there are a fixed amount of resources in the world; export more than you import; colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Treaty of Tordesillas
agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Ferdinand Magellan
- Spanish explorer who found a sea route to Spice Island by sailing around the American continent
- First to circumnavigate the world
- when he arrives in the Philippines he was killed
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Christopher Columbus/ Columbian Exchange
- Italian explorer that believed that sailing west to east was the best option to get new sources of wealth.
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Vasco da Gama
- The first to sail directly from Europe to India by going around Africa
- helps create Portuguese foothold in india
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Hernan Cortes
led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
Entered Mexico w/600 men and 16 horses
Conquered Tenochtitlan(Aztec capital) in 1521
AGE OF DISCOVERY
effect of smallpox
- Very deadly
- made the natives easy prey bc were not exposed to as many germs (ate alpacas llamas)
- Middle Ages in Europe infectious diseases were prevalent therefore making the Europeans genetically better, survival of the fittest
- Europeans also ate pigs / cows / sheep That had a lot of germs
- Helped with the takeover of the Incas and Aztecs by the Spanish.
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas and killed Atahualpa, continued on to Ecuador and Chile.
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Moctezuma
Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Dutch vs. Spanish exploration
- spain was interested in est colonies, new trade routes, money,religion
- dutch wanted money, NOT religion
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Social Classes in New Spain
Peninsulares - born in Spain
Creoles - American-born descendants of Spanish Mestizo - native American and European Mulattoes - African and European
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Qing Dynasty
- final imperial dynasty in China
- started by Manchus
- Enforced culturally restrictive policies: no intermarriage with Chinese and no foot binding. - Qing emphasized teachings and philosophy of Confucius
- Pushed for more exports than imports, hated merchants.
- strong long leading rulers, eventually fell to european encroachment because their technology was not advanced enough (didn’t have guns)
AGE OF DISCOVERY
Tokugawa Shogunate
japanese dynasty; cut off trade with the west, isolationism, persecuted Christians, forbade Japanese from leaving, isolated until Matthew Perry in 1853
ABSOLUTISM
Phillip II
Charles’s son, king of Spain / netherlands/portugal / naples/sicily, also the king of England / Ireland because he married into it, married Queen Mary AKA bloody mary, very catholic, wanted to centralize Royal power (Divine right, absolute monarchy, guardian of the Roman Catholic Church)
ABSOLUTISM
Divine Right
Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from god.
ABSOLUTISM
Mary I
- Bloody mary, inherited the throne after Henry VIII’s son died, had no kids, power given to Elizabeth the first after her
- Catholic queen of England married to Philip II of Spain. Executed hundreds of Protestants when they refused to convert.
ABSOLUTISM
Elizabeth II
- “virgin” queen
- ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History
- She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England
- Protestant stepsister of mary
- had her cousin Mary Queen of Scots executed for wanting to overthrow her
ABSOLUTISM
Parliament
A parliament is the english representative body, a lot of power, helped make laws, say in government (depending on the king)
ABSOLUTISM
Estates General
- French representative assembly, like congress/parliament, didn’t meet during Louis XIV’s reign or Louis XV’s
- not that much power
- more advisory instead of lawmaking
ABSOLUTISM
Edict of Nantes
- granted Huguenots religious tolerance
- not a huge devoted catholic
- created Huguenot communities to avoid persecution that Henry could rule over
- revoked by Louis XIV
ABSOLUTISM
Louis XIV Absolutism
inherits at 4yo, poverty and defamation, Fronde insurrections, nobles try to take advantage of his young age, as king titles himself as the Sun King (center of the solar system) to symbolize his absolute monarchy, never called the estates-general while in power, made intendants stronger (take care of crime, $$, execute, enforce King’s rules), made Versailles palace
ABSOLUTISM
English Civil War
between Cavaliers (royalist) vs Roundheads (parliament), Roundheads won
ABSOLUTISM
Roundheads
for parliament, won, headed by Oliver Cromwell, good numbers on their side
ABSOLUTISM
Oliver Cromwell
- Leader of the Roundheads,
- puritan
- won the english civil war
- very strong leader
- became lord protector of the commonwealth
- while in power he made the rule of saints
- stepped up english trade and wiped out irish (catholic and fought with english during the civil war), believed the irish were less than human
ABSOLUTISM
Charles I
son of James I, abused money power, went against the magna carta, forced to sign the petition of right (still went against it), dissolved parliament and made his own court, targeted puritans, tried and executed for treason, his defense on trial was that he was above his subjects and his subjects couldnt put their KING on trial
ABSOLUTISM
Puritans
targeted by Charles I because they were unhappy with the Catholic Anglican Church, persecuted by Charles I
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England.
ABSOLUTISM
James I
- first english james
- first stuart family king
- black sheep, complete absolutist
- scottsman leading england
- didn’t give tudors any power
- scotland was calvinist and england was catholic
- money problems
- taxed like john I
foreign policy - absolutist
- divine right believer
- disagreed with parliament constantly
- dissolved parliament and collected his own taxes
ABSOLUTISM
Charles II
charles I’s son, replaced cromwell’s son to restore the monarchy, lavish lifestyle/opened up society/reopened theaters, previously lived in versailles with XIV, instead of the absolutist idea of divine right the new idea was that “you are king because of Parliament”
ABSOLUTISM
William and Mary
Took over James II power for being absolutist and catholic (during the glorious revolution, england is now protestant with a limited monarchy, English bill of Rights under their rule (can’t dissolve parliament, parliament is in charge of money, etc.), Parliamentary monarchs, made the test act (restricted Catholics from public office), made the act of settlement (William’s successor must be protestant), act of toleration (freedom of worship except catholics)
ABSOLUTISM
30 Years War
A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg’s, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
ABSOLUTISM
Peace of Westphalia
after 30 year war religious and political struggle, treaty made the Hapsburgs lose control of the HRE and they focus on Austria, Austria filled with many ethnicities/languages/customs, not a developed centralized country, mainly roman catholic but still other religions, HRE divided
the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War in 1648
ABSOLUTISM
Hapsburg Family
Ruling family in many places (spain and austria/HRE), Spanish and Austrian family; Spanish: Charles V/Phillip II, Austrian: Charles VI, in charge until end of WWI
ABSOLUTISM
Frederick the Great
austria and prussia lead nations over modern germany, prussian king, Hohenzollern family
granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, improved education, reformed the justice system, and abolished torture
- prussian
ABSOLUTISM
Peter the Great
Obsessed with westernizing Russia due to his travels in western europe, built st. petersburg, “father of the russian navy”, established russian empire
ABSOLUTISM
Catherine the Great
not russian, german man’s daughter, father disappointed he didn’t get a son, ships her off to Russia to marry Phillip III, educated woman (uncommon for the time), Peter didn’t want to have kids, she had multiple affairs, Phillip III sends military to arrest her but military sides with her, Catherina promotes culture/music/art/lit as ruler, achieved warm water port on the black sea from the ottoman empire (ships can dock yearround)
Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (continued Peter’s rule), father HATED her for being a woman, extremely smart, German wife of Peter III.
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Enlightenment
an intellectual movement, AKA Age of Reason, change in economic/political/social thinking, continuation of the Renaissance by applying science to human activity, using the intellect given by God
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Mary Wollstonecraft
wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women,” gender equality, education for women, daughter of Mary Shelley who wrote “Frakenstein or Modern Prometheus”
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Voltaire
critical of Ancient Regime (Louis XVI in particular), champion of free speech/thought and innocent until proven guilty
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Montesquieu
presumption of innocence; innocent until proven guilty, separation of powers/checks and balances to safeguard liberties
FRENCH REVOLUTION
John Locke
- optimistic nature
- proponent of natural rights
- purpose of government is to protect these rights and rule by popular sovereignty
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Thomas Hobbes
- negative view on human nature
- people are born bad
- need a strong absolute ruler to keep the people in line
- proponent of the social contract theory (people give power to gov so gov has to protect their lives and rights), won’t do bad things if people are scared of consequences
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Rousseau
- people are born good but become bad from society
- people should live with little government control
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Adam Smith
- physiocrat (natural laws govern human activity)
- rejected mercantilism
- championed laissez-faire/free trade/supply and demand
- government had to stay out of the economy
- no tariffs
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Three Estates Breakdown
- Members of the clergy: worked for the church (upper and lower), went to school and worked as priests/monks/bishops, 0.5% of the population
- Nobility/Aristocracy: born into upper class families with the right last names, military leaders even without experience, 1.5% of the population
- Everybody Else: no advantages, included the middle class/bourgeosie (wealthy educated, didn’t like the system), majority was peasants involved in the feudal system (⅓ profits to church, ⅓ to lord, ⅓ to themselves)
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Tennis Court Oath
- Louis XVI locked national assembly out of meeting room, so they met at a tennis court
- promised to not disban until the constitution was written
- Lafayette helped by having new ideas (soldier in the American Revolution)
- a commitment to a national constitution and representative government
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Marie Antoinette
- her popularity decreased during reign
- known as “Madame Deficit” and “that Austrian woman” because people didn’t even want to speak her name
- influenced husband (Louis XVI) to make poor decisions as king
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Louis XVI
- an idiot for a king
- last French king to rule before the French Revolution overthrew the monarchy
- put the country in debt
- indecisive- would listen to what his wife, marie antoinette, and her poor decisions
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789
- was beginning of actual revolt in the revolution,
- stormed a prison in paris
- mobs of people attacked the building
- freed 7 prisoners
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Declaration of the Rights of Man
- made by national assembly
- combo of the declaration of independence and the bill of rights, what had been abused in France
- idea that all men are created equal
- a human civil rights document written by the national assembly
FRENCH REVOLUTION
National Assembly
- when the estates general was finally called, were representations from each social class; voting always resulted in the 1st/2nd benefitting
- 3rd estate calls themselves the national assembly and invited representatives of other estates to join in writing the new French constitution,
- reformed land ownership and abolished feudalism
- organized departments, decreased RCC power
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Legislative Assembly
Replaced the national assembly after the constitution was written
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Committee of Public Safety
- ran the gov during the reign of terror
- made in the national convention
- in charge of government
- established the revolutionary tribunal (court system, enemy of revolution went on trial)
FRENCH REVOLUTION
National Convention
- established committee of public safety and revolutionary tribunal
- had extreme reaction to threats against the revolution
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Maximilian Robespierre
- most responsible for reign of terror
- ran the committee of public safety
- in charge of France
- loved power
- radical of the revolution
- killed threats to his power
FRENCH REVOLUTION
the Directory
- run the government of france after the reign of terror
- governing 5-member committee in the French First Republic from 2 November 1795 until 9 November 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon, corrupt
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Napoleon- Coup
- take over government, directory could not stand up to him
- turned the control over to Napoleon in 1799
- ended the French Revolution and led to the Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor
- took over French government with his very loyal army by force
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Napoleonic domestic policies
- Napoleonic code: uniform set of laws for all of france
- Bank of France: central Financial institution; makes france rich and no longer in debt
- Public edu: at all levels/professions
- Concordat: ended conflict between government and RCC; radicals hated RCC
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Napoleon- Scorched Earth Policy
- seizing or burning any supplies that the French might pillage from the countryside
- a military strategy that aims to destroy anything that might be useful to the enemy.
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Congress in Vienna
- austria, england, russia, french conservatives
restore balance of power - compensation
- restoration of monarchs
- legitimate power rested in the hands of the “rightful” rulers (legitimacy)
- Louis XVIII in French, others in Portugal, Spain, Italy
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Why England?
- Lots of natural resources to fuel the factory
- large labor supply
- great port cities
- government support of business
- large number of people with investment capital (money)
- new technology
- religious attitude/protestant work ethic
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Agricultural Revolution
- land consolidation
- mechanization allowed for more production – more food means more people
- also contributed to large number of people able to work in factories since they lost their jobs on the farms
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Labor Unions
- developed as workers tried to improve their working conditions
- collective bargaining : workers banding together to “convince” bosses agree to shorter hours, higher pay, better working conditions
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Thomas Malthus
- wrote “Essay on the Principle of Population.” Which made the argument that war, famine, and disease were necessary checks on the population
- If population grows too much, food shortages result, people should die to alleviate suffering of others – Think Scrooge in “A Christmas Carole” “…surplus population…” comparing humans to animals
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Iron Law of Wages
- David Ricardo, “wages tend toward the minimum necessary to support the population.” - Wages are best kept low to keep workers from getting too wealthy, having more kids, increasing supply of workers that would decease wages due to competition
- If you pay your workers too much, it’s bad
- happier=reproduce=more workers
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
lower class vs. middle class; upper class benefits of industrialization
- middle class developed
- had better lives/conditions than the factory workers
- grew to be politically influential, too
- Upper class benefited the most, working class, very little
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Robert Owen
- early socialist who put his theories into practice by building mills in England (and US) which provided safe working conditions, good pay, suitable housing, education for children, no child labor
- socialism = gov’s job to provide what the people need
- Created new lanark factory where people worked in safer conditions and got paid better than normal
- no child labor, proved that you don’t have to take advantage of your workers to make money
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Socialism
- political philosophy that developed during the Ind Rev which promoted the idea of government providing important services for their citizens
- Believed the people as a whole, rather than private individuals
- own the means of production (farms, factories, railroads, large businesses
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Karl Marx
- German philosopher
- founder of communism
- “scientific socialism”
- Believed all history is a class struggle between the bourgeoisie (the “haves” rich, powerful who run the countries, in charge of society) (no rich no poor) and proletariat (common people, “have nots” who do all the work and are taken advantage of by the bourgeoisie)
- Eventually a world -wide revolution would take place, establishing communist world with a “classless society” where everyone shared equally in wealth—divided everything equally—no rich, no poor, no haves and have nots, everyone had everything the same
- Everybody is equal, sounds appealing, but in reality it set people back and wasn’t actually the case
GEOGRAPHY
know location of colonies and civilizations
GEOGRAPHY
know the routes taken by explorers
