The Role of Technology on Sport 7.0

Question 1

What is sports analytics?

Answer 1

• Collections of relevant historical statistics that can provide a competitive advantage to a team or individual

Question 2

What is qualitative & quantitative data?

Answer 2

Qualitative- subjective data as it looks at feelings,opinions & emotions

Quantitative- Objective, factual information & numerical based

Question 3

What is objective & subjective data?

Answer 3

Objective- Information recieved based on facts
Subjective- Information based on personal opinions, assumptions, interpretations etc.

Question 4

Define reliability.

Answer 4

Refers to the degree to which data collection is consistent & stable over time

Question 5

What is video motion analysis?

Answer 5

• A technique used to get information about moving objects from a video

Question 6

What does video motion analysis involve?

Answer 6

• Involves a high speed camera to produce frame by frame playback
• Useful to analyse technical performance e.g. Putting in golf, release when throwing a shot put,

Can take place either immeidately after performance (e.g. at side of track) or in a more controlled laboratory environment

Question 7

What two distinct sport science disciplines has motion analysis developed into?

Answer 7

Notational match analysis- Used to record aspects of individual or team performance

Biomechanics- Used to analyse the sporting impact of body movements

Question 8

What is performance analysis?

Answer 8

The provision of objective feedback to a performer who is trying to get a positive change in performance

Question 9

Why is performance analysis so important?

Answer 9

• Extremely important to enahnce performer
• Without it- at a loss against others in competitions
• Variety of PA techniques used to provide; task, performance and physiological data.

Question 10

Give an overview of an indirect calorimetry?

Answer 10

• Headgear is attached to a subject
• Breathe for a specific amount of time
• Their inspired and expired gas flows, volumes and concentration of O2 and CO2 are all measured
• Continuous measurement of oxygen O2 consumption and production of CO2
• Non-invasive technique & relatively successful
• The equipment used is known as a metabolic cart

Question 11

Give an overview of the metabolic cart.

Answer 11

• Electronic medical tool used to measure the body’s metabolism through the heat produced when the body is at rest
• The result can help to inform doctors of a persons overall health
• Parts of device – computer system, monitor, breathing tubes on a mobile push cart
• 2 factors to calculate heat production
• Measurement is resting energy expenditure (REE) – results can change

Question 12

What is the equipment used when measuring indirect calorimetry?

Answer 12

A metabolic cart- A device used to measure the body’s metabolism through the amount of heat produced when the body is at rest

Question 13

What two factors does metabolic cart use to calculate heat production?

Answer 13

• Intake of oxygen from the body
• Output of carbon dioxide

These two figures will provide the result for metabolic cart which is measure as resting energy expenditure (REE)

Question 14

What conditions can the REE change depending on?

Answer 14

• Weight or height to weight ratio
• Age
• Gender
• The body’s response to various drugs

Due to differences in size it is lower in women than in men

Question 15

Define resting energy expenditure (REE).

Answer 15

The amount of energy, usually expressed in Kcal, required for a 24 hour period by the body during rest

Question 16

How can indirect calorimetry & use of metabolic cart help individuals?

Answer 16

• To determine their energy requirements & response to nutrition over time
• To calculate energy expenditure which allows determination of nutritional requirements/caloric needs
• Help individuals who are classified/potentially classified as obese
• In the calculation of their REE which helps medical staff determine the amount of food & nutrition needed

Question 17

What are some difficulties or sources of error affecting the validity & reliability of using indirect calorimetry via a metabolic cart.

Answer 17

• Inaccuracies from air leaks
• Possible inaccuracis from measurement recording errors
• Difficult to use on children
• Overfeeding/underfeeding may occur based on results recieved
• Process actually measures consumption, not needs

Question 18

What is GPS software?

Answer 18

Global positioning system- Useful in helping coaches monitor players during matches as well as in training

Systems track the speed,distance & direction of indiviudal being monitored

Question 19

How is GPS software useful?

Answer 19

Very useful for coaches to monitor players:
* Vast amount of information immediately
* Track speed
* Track distance
* Direction of individual

Question 20

What are the positives of using GPS & motion tracking software & hardware?

Answer 20

• Better use of training time- Training can meet demands of the game
• Improves tactic analysis- Spacing on the football pitch
• You can compare player performance
• Helps to rehabilitate players- i.e dont do too much too soon/faster return to team

Question 21

What else can GPS software help with in sport?

Answer 21

Can provide data to improve performance by success rate

Can help coaches to make objective decisions for replacements/substitutes

Can reduce injury as can gauge the fatigue level

Question 22

What is data integrity?

Answer 22

Overall intent is to ensure data is entered into the system & recorded exactly as intended & when retrieved later to ensure the data is the same as when it was originally recorded

Question 23

How can data integrity be compromised?

Answer 23

Through:
Human error when data is entered
Errors occuring when data is transmitted from one computer to another
Software bugs/viruses

Question 24

What ways are there of minimising threats to data integrity?

Answer 24

• Regularly backing-up data
• Controlling access to data & protecting it against malicious intent via security mechanisms
• Using error detection & correction software when transmitting data
• Not leaving a computer unattended for anyone to access.

Question 25

What are the advantages of spectators in sport?

Answer 25

-

Question 26

How has equipment been adapted for the elderly & people w disabilities?

Answer 26

- New devices being created to help elderly & sport enthusiasts w disabilities to participate at recreational level, as well as create highly advanced equipment for elite paralympians - Assistive devices can enable training & exercise, as well as providing opportunity for participation in sport- examples of assistive/adapted devices include, lightweight wheelchairs for basket ball, tennis & road racing, & cross country sit skis - Wheelchairs can be individually designed & adapted to meet specific requirements of different sports

Question 27

Give some examples of adapted equipment designed to encourage physical activity in the elderly.

Answer 27

- Finger extension mover- used to help w hand & wrist movements - Low impact pedal exercise machine- Gives opportunity for elderly individuals to participate in low impact exercise to stimulate circulation & help to try maintain muscle tone - Exercise balance beam- Used to help/maintain improve balance, coordination & mobility - Technologically advanced wheelchair design: This helps elderly individuals who are confined to wheelchairs to continue to be mobile & involved in adapted activies such as wheelchair activities

Question 28

What are the possible negative implications of using technology for sport?

Answer 28

- It can be misleading- pure data can be misleading at times e.g. if a performer has not covered many meters in a game, but the tactics & game context are such that it does not require to do so - It can be expensive so inequalities might exist in terms of access to the latest technology avaliable in sport e.g. only the wealthiest countries & teams are able to succeed - It can lead to paralysis by analysis- Players & coaches might become too reliant on data to inform their decision making & unable to react creatively & istantly on-field problems or issues as they occur - It can have a placebo effect

Question 29

What are the benefits of sports technology for sports performers?

Answer 29

- Improved clothing/footwear- this can lead to improved performances; for example, bodysuits used by athletes have helped sprinters increase their speed - Improved sports equipment- This can aid skill/technique development e.g. technological developments in golf have allowed manufacturers to build lighter clubs to increase swing speeds & enable golfers to hit golf balls a lot further & w more control than before - Advancements in drug-testing technology to keep up w performers taking illegal performance enhancing substances - Improved protective equipment (e.g. cricket helmets to withstand ever increasing fast paced deliveries - Improved recovery from injury & better rehabilitation (e.g. oxygen tents)

Question 30

What are the benefits of sports technology on the coach?

Answer 30

- Can be highly informative as they aid in detailed analysis of performance for coaches - Video analysis of matches enables an assestment of player performance tactically, technically & physiologically - Detailed information gained can help a coach develop more focused training programmes designed to improve on any weaknesses identified - However, use of computers can be a possible negative as they are open to potential hacking which might lead to information on weak links in a team being passed on & exploited by the opposition

Question 31

What are the benefits of technology on the audience/spectator?

Answer 31

- Can allow enthusiasts to visit many wbesites to find out various pieces of information on their favourite teams & players - Impacted audience in a positive way- officials are now 'mic'd up' in rugby so audience can hear what is being said on field of play - This increases involvement & excitement in audience & enahnces their viewing experience

Question 32

What are the advantages of technology being used to aid officials in decision making?

Answer 32

- It ensures the right decisions are reached with less frustration at incorrect decisions - It helps officials to communicate with one another & the players which the audience can sometimes hear (e.g. in rugby matches) - Increased accuracy of timing & distances achieved, which are quickly communicated to the audience (e.g. via big screens in the stadium) - Increased excitement in audience while the await decisions (e.g. hawkey at Wimbledon Tennis Championships)

Question 33

What are some of the disadvantages of technology on officials?

Answer 33

- A loss of respect in the crowd for the official as the 'final decision maker' - Costs limit the use of the technology at events which can give an inconsistent experience to spectators as well as performers - Breaks in play can be disruptive for spectators if they take too long or there is an over-reliance on technology which leads to the official to over-use it - Technology is not always welcomed by all - In 2018 Kiwi rugby coach demanded an end to the TMO system to allow the referees to make all the decisions

Question 34

Can modern TV broadcasting technologies give the same level of quality spectating experience as actually attending the sports event?

Answer 34

- You cld argue it does due to developments in high quality sound & picture technology which gives users an impressive view of sport - Introduction of digital TV allows for highly individualised experiences - Action replays & freeze-frames allow increasingly detailed analysis of key incidents to take place, which inform & educate the viewing public - TV viewing can also be said to lack the 'real atmosphere' with little sense of being a part of the spectacle or playing a role within the contest. - When watching sport on TV at home there is very little interaction w other fans which for many is a key part of their audience experience