Socialisation in sport 3.2 Flashcards
What is socialisation?
A lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society
What is internalisation?
The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
What two main parts can socialisation be divided into?
Primary socialisation
Secondary socialisation
What is primary socialisation?
- Refers to socialisation during the early years of childhood which takes palce within the immeidate family
- A key process involved at this stage is the internalisation of societys culure where individuals absorb & accept its shared norms & values
What is an example of primary socialisation?
e.g. For many families, physical exercise provides a time when they come together, whether it be a shared involvement in an activity such as cycling
What is secondary socialisation?
Occurs during the later years (e.g as teenagers & adults)
When the family is less involved & other agencies are deliberately set up for the socialisation process & begin to exert more and more influence (e.g friends, peer groups,school)
What is gender socialisation?
The act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation
What is social control?
Concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feeling, appearance & behaviour are regulated in social systems.
Historically how has our society been due to the lack of social control?
- Society has been male dominated, with restrictions placed on women engaging in sport
- Nowadays the contraints are less pronounced- however milder forms of social control exist in the form of what is deemed to be gender appropriate behaviour
e.g mild disapproval from their husband might persuade women to limit their physical activity to what they view as ‘respectable’
What can social pressures mean for women?
- Can sometimes be made to feel guilty about leaving a young baby & therefore tend to give up previous active leusire pursuits once their baby has been born
- A lack of free time compared to men & lower disposable income can also act as agents of social control & decrease the opportunities for women to involve themsleves in regular healthy sporting activity
What is social change?
An alteration in the social order of a society
When does social change occur?
- Occurs when institutions re-adjust to meet ‘new needs’ of groups in society
- such as local councils via more nursery facilities to minimise the negative effects of traditional childcare responsibilities & feelings of guilt leaving young children, while mothers participate in sporting activity.
Define social issues
Problems that affect many people within a society
When does social inequality occur?
When resources in a society are unevenly distributed among socially defined categories of people.
What are some of the possible causes of social inequality in sport?
- Lack of money/costs of participating
- Lack of confidence/self-esteem
- Lack of role models to aspire to as participants/coaches/leaders of sports organisations in positions of responsibility
- Myths or setereotypes in some sections of society about capabilities of women, ethnic minorities & disabled people
What is social stratification?
A type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic such as wealth or status
What is the importance of stratification?
Those at the top of the system have greater access to resources than those at the bottom.
(e.g in the feudal society of pre-industrial Britain, the upper class had greater access to equipment & facilities which meant they could participate in sports such as real tennis which used specialist courts & equipment)
How does social class/stratification affect low income families?
- Children from LI families tend to have poorer health than other children
- Poor health levels can undermine their physical abilities & or skill level
- Also have less money to spend on sport & sports equipment
What is the social action theory?
- Social action theory considers how sport can impact society.
Accepts that sport is produced & developed at a particular time through the relationships & social networks of people who share similar views
What is the interactionist approach?
The study of how individuals behave within a society
A theoretical perspective that stems from social processes for example co-operation & conflict, which occur when humans interact
How is the interactionist theory helpful?
Helpful in understanding how to:
- Change sports to match the perspectives and identities of those playing them
- Make sport organisations more democratic and less hierarchically organised (e.g via giving all members equal voting rights when making decisions related to the running of a sports club
What is prejudice in sport?
To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts (e.g dislike of people froma specific race,religion or culture)
What is discrimination in sport?
The unfair treatment of a person or, minority group; to make a distinction and act on a prejudice
What are the two types of discrimination in sport?
Overt discrimination
Covert discrimination
