Skill Acquisition 2.1 Flashcards
Define ‘skill’
A learned ability to bring about pre-determined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both
What are the 7 characteristics of a skill?
(ACE FACE)
- Aesthetically pleasing
- Consistent
- Efficient
- Fluent
- Accurate
- Controlled
- Economical
What are the different skill continums?
Open–Closed
Gross–Fine
Self paced–Externally paced
Discrete–Continuous–Serial Skills
High–Low
Simple–Complex
What is an open skill?
A skill performed in an unstable/unpredictable environment
(Lots of decisions) e.g. a pass in football
What is a closed skill?
A skill performed in a predictable environment
Performer can repeat the actions consistently and there are fewer decisi
What is a gross skill?
A skill which is performed using large muscle groups
What is a fine skill?
A skill that uses smaller, more intricate muscle groups
What is a self-paced skill?
When the performer controls the start and the speed of the skill
What is an externally paced skill?
When the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill
What is a discrete skill?
A skill that has a clear beginning and end
What is a continuous skill?
A skill that has no clear beginning and end
What is a serial skill?
A skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement
What is a low organised skill?
A skill that is easily broken into parts
What is a highly organised skill?
A skill that is not easily broken into parts
What is a simple skill?
A skill that requires few decisions when being performed
What is a complex skill?
A skill that requires decision making using lots of information when performed
What are the different types of transfer?
- Positive transfer
- Negative transfer
- Bilateral transfer
- Zero transfer
What is positive transfer?
When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another
e.g basketball pass & a netball pass
What is negative transfer of learning?
When the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
e.g a tennis surve & a badminton serve similar concept but v different
What is zero transfer of learning?
Where the previously learnt skills have nothing to do with the skill being learnt due to the differences in the skill
e.g cartwheel & throwing a ball
What is bilateral transfer of learning?
Where practice on a limb on one side of the body improves the other side
e.g right footed footballer improve their left side to be somewhat equal
How can a coach make sure that succesful transfer of learning takes place?
- Identify points that may hinder that learning
- Ensure the original task is learnt effectively and practiced well
- Eliminate bad habits
What is whole practice?
Practising the skill in its entirety
(without breaking it down)
Who/when would use whole practice?
- When the skill is too fast to be broken down
- Skill is highly organised & diffucult to break down
- Skill is simple & doesnt require much breakdown
- Performer is advanced in the autonomous stage of learning
What are the advantages of whole practice?
- Helps to create specific motor programmes to be called upon when needing to have a mental image of the skill
- More realistic than splitting up the practice which helps to produce positive transfer between skills in training and those inaction
- Helps to develop consistent skill
What are the disadvantages of whole practice?
- Not suitable for beginners
- Possibility of fatigue if completed too often
- May be too much information for the performer to process
What is Whole-part-whole practice?
Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practise, then putting the skill back together
Who/when is whole-part-whole practice used?
- When a beginner is doing a complex activity & may need to concentrate on one element
- When the skill is highly organised & hard to break down
What are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice?
- Can highlight specific points of weakness & work upon them
- Maintains the feel for the whole skill & the transition between each part of it
- Can provide motivation when success is achieved
What are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice?
May produce negative transfer of learning if it is not integrated effectively
More time consuming than whole practice
What is progressive part practice?
Practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually
e.g a dance routine
Who/when should progressive part practice be used?
- When there are several new parts to be learnt in a sequence
- Both beginners & professionals
- Complex skill could benefit from this as it can isolate skills & take pressure off the performer
What are the advantages of progressive part practice?
- Focuses on weaknesses if needed
- Gives stages of success to motivate performer
- Reduces overall fatigue & demand
What are the disadvantages of progressive part practice?
- Time consuming
- If the first part of the sequence is learnt incorrectly the rest may be incorrect too
- Could cause negative transfer of learning
What is massed practice?
Massed practice is continuous with no rest intervals
What are the advantages of massed practice?
- Can enhance fitness development
- Efficient
- Helps to develop motor programmes- those images stored in the memory- can be stored easily so that they can be recalled in the future
What are the disadvantages of massed practice?
- No time for feedback
- Can cause fatigue
- Possibly too demanding
What is distributed practice?
Where rest intervals are taken during the practice session
What are the advantages of distributed practice?
- Allows for recovery
- Allows for mental rehersal
- Reduces mental pressure
What are the disadvantages of distributed practice?
- Could allow negative transfer of skill
- Time consuming
What is varied practice?
Changing the practice type & the practice drills
Allows players to train for different environments & circumstances
What are the advantages of varied practice?
- Allows players to adapt their skills to changing environments
- Variety of practice prevents players from becoming bored increasing motivation
- Helps to build sub routines or parts of the skill
What are the disadvantages of varied practice?
- More time consuming
- Increases risk of negative transfer
- May place unnecessary demands on the players if they are given too many things to focus on
What is mental practice?
Going over the skill in the mind without movement
What are the advantages of mental practice?
- Improves confidence & lowers anxiety
- Develops cognitive ability & improves decision making
- Can be done if player is injured helping to maintain memory of the skill
What are the 3 stages of learning?
- The cognitive stage
- The associative stage
- The autonomous stage
