Sport and Society 3.1 Flashcards
What are the socio-cultural factors in pre-industrial Britain?
- Limated transport/ communications
- Illiteracy/uneducated
- Two-tier society/feudal system
- People lived in countryside/rural areas
- Clear existence of class divisions
How did the socio-cultural factors affect sport?
- Working hours- Occasional & restrictive
- Limited transport- Local & community based
- Illiterate- Basic rules & applied to the community
- Male dominated & aggressive- Lack of rules- cruel & violent
- Upper class- Place wagers
What was life like pre-industrial Britain?
- Communications & transport were limited
- Widespread illiteracy: Lower classes were uneducated, with little ability to read or write
- Very limited free time as work was based on the land; free time was dictated by the agricultural calander/seasons
- Class divisions clearly existed: two tier clearly divided society (upper & lower class)
- People lived in countryside/rural areas
What was the feudal system?
It was a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour
What is popular recreation?
The sport and pastimes of people in pre- industrial Britain.
What is rational recreation?
These were sports pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised & controlled
What was mob football?
- Played by lower class- clear division of society
- Male dominated & violent
- Few rules- illiteracy
- Played in a field with a pigs bladder as a ball
- Each town would have their own team due to limated transport
Why was mob football banned?
- It was violent & unruly in nature
- It led to injury or death in extreme cases
- Led to damage of property
- Was linked to alcohol consumption/ drunken behaviour
What was ‘real tennis’?
- Also known as Royal tennis
- Exclusive- Upper class e.g Henry VIII
- Complex rules- upper class were educated
- Expensive-purposed built facilities & equipment
- Non-local- Have to travel to play
- Had to be skilful to play ‘superior’ to lower class
What was early athletics like in pre-industrial Britain?
Took the form of an activity known as foot racing, basiclly consisted of footmen (i.e hired servants) competing as messengers by the upper class genntry for their speed of movement across open land.
Early athletics also took the form of a ‘festival occasion’, with individuals organising rural community festivals containing ‘athletic events’ including running,hurdels & football.
Who was Dr William Penny Brookes?
The founder of the Olympic games in 1850
What were the Wenlock Olympic games?
- First held in October 1850
- Was a mixture of athletics & traditional sports such as football,cricket running &hurdles
- Rules were writeen & they drew athletes from all over the country to compete
What effects did the 1st half of the industrial revolution have?
H- poor HEALTH &HYGEINE
I- lack of INCOME
T- lack of TIME
F- FACILITY provision was lacking
O- OVERCROWDING & lack of space
R- loss of RIGHTS
REMEMBER HITFOR
What happened in the 2nd half of the industrial revolution?
- Health & hygiene improved
- Gradual increase in wages & more time for sport
- Development of the middle class
- Influence of ex-public school boys
- Value of athleticism
- Improvements in transport & communication
It became cheaper to travel
What is urbanisation?
Large numbers of people migrating from rural areas to towns & cities seeking regular work in the factories
How did the transport revolution have a positve affect on sport?
There was movement of teams & spectators
The development of the railways & steam trains enabled faster & further travel leading to nationwide fixtures developing on a regular basis
Also improved access to different parts of the county
What did the influence of church have on sport?
- Encouraged social control
- Facilities provided - Church halls/ fields
- Sport promoted christian values
- YMCA developed healthy body/healthy mind
- Organised teams & competitors
Aston villa was set up as a church team
What affect did the middle class have on the lower class in the industrial revolution?
Middle class were self made individuals- unlike upper class they had empathy for working class
They helped lives of working class by improving sports provision
What ways did the middle class support such developments?
Codification- development of strict rules- controlled sport & organised - Public school boys & university old boys formed NGB’s
Competitors- Development of leagues/ competitons
Public provision- Facilities- provided by
philanthropists (kind generous middle class)
Move to ‘professionalism’- Helped in the
development of early commercial/professional sport
What ways did the middle class help improve the sporting provision for the working classes?
Codification- Develoment of strict rules as public school & university old boys played a key role in many NGBs of sport - they controlled sport & became key organisers via their administration experience
Competitons- Development of leagues & competitons via middle class involvement in public schools/unis/clubs/NGB’s /factory teams etc
Increased leisure time- As middle class factory owners they gradually gave their workers more time (e.g. saturday half day) allowed more time to watch or ppt in sport
Move to ‘professionalism’ Middle class helped in the development of early commercial/professional sport (e.g. acting as agents, promoters in athletics)
What is codification?
The gradual organisation & defining of the rules
(e.g. for the actual playing of the sport, as well as the conduct & behaviour of participants)
How did sport have an affect on the british empire?
Was seen as a very powerful way of teaching moral values
Was also seen as a way of binding the empire together
What were the following reasons that NGO’S began to develop?
- More teams and clubs were forming
- Leagues & competitions were required for these teams to compete in
- Nationally agreed rules & codification for different sports were required
What is rational recreation?
It involves the post industrial development of sport. It was characterised by a number of features including respectability, regularity, strict administration & codification
What were the characteristics of rational recreation, post industrial revoloution?
(3 examples)
- Respectability- It was a non-violent in nature & the emphasis was on fair play
- Regionally/Nationally/ Regularly played- competitions were played regionally nationally & internationally
- Purpose built facilities- Sport took place in specially constructed grounds,pitched or tracks, often set around urban areas with large populations to draw on for spectators
What is an amateur?
A person who plays sport for the love of it and recieves no financial gain
What was amateurisim in sport like (late 19th century?)
- ‘manliness’ physique
- Value health and fitness
- Appreciate rules
- High moral integrity
What were the characteristics of ‘gentlemen amateur?’
A gentleman amateur was someone from an upperclass backround who loved sport
- Highly respected member of society- high status in society meant high status in sport
- Playing a ‘range of sports’ using their natural talents
- Belonging to the social elite, having wealth & plenty of free time for sport
What are some positive impacts of amateurism?
- Amateurism adhered to a code of ethics, playing sport to a high set of moral values (i.e fairplay & sportsmanship)
- Participation in sport was seen as more important than winning and taking part was viewed as a character-building exercise
- Belonging to the social elite- i.e having wealth & plenty of free time for sport meant they could afford to play sport for the love of it rather than for monetary gain (its not the winning but the taking part)
What are the key features of early 20th centry amateurs?
High status: They held high status in sport and society
Controllers of sport: The middle and upper classes controlled sport
Top performers: It was more likely that top performers would come from middle or upper classes
What are the key features of modern day ‘amateurs’
- Tend to be lower status (professionals now are of higher status)
- Some high level performers are still not professional (e.g gymnasts)
- Performance at the top level in most sports is now open to all
- Has been blurring of amateur and professional distinctions, with less liklihood of exlusions as society has become more egalitarian
What are the positives of modern-day ‘amateurism’
- Codes of amateurism are still evident in British Sport e.g fair play & sportsmanship
- It is still viewed positively and promoted in a number of ways e.g fair play awards in footbal; shaking of hands prior to and at the end of sporting contests
What factors are responsible for the growth of modern day sport?
(Modern day professionalism)
- All classes can compete- social class is no longer a barrier to participation
- People are now respected for their talents and efforts in reaching the top
- Positive role models act as motivators for others to achieve in professional sport
- More spectators attend matches, with easier, more affordable travel enabling increased spectator numbers at professional sport events
What reasons can be given to explain the growth and development of association football?
- Urbanisation
- More free time- As workers spent less time in the factories, more time was avaliable to them to watch & play sport
- More disposable income- Improved standard of living via higher wages gave the ‘working class’ enough money to pay entrance money & pay for transport to matches.
- Improved transport
- Increased professionalism
What was the Bosman Ruling?
A european court of justice decision made on 15th December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers.
An important decision as it allowed free movement of labour in the european union.
It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer fee being payed.
What factors have lead to an increase in opportunities for women to participate & progress through to elite levels in sport?
(such as football)
Equal opportunities: More sports are generally avaliable & socially acceptable. Legally, sex discrimination act has been passed leading to less sexual discrimination in sport on basis of gender
Increased media coverage of women’s football: BT Sport provides live coverage of the Women’s super legaue.
More female role models in football: as performers, coaches, officials
More Provision via school P.E programmes
More clubs are forming: at local, as well as ‘professional’ levels
More Free time: as the traditional domestic responsibility role has decreased.
What is lawn tennis?
A middle class invention- often played in peoples back gardens- more basic version of royal tennis
What were the key features of lawn tennis as it developed in the industrial/post industrial era?
Middle Class invention: An affordable alternative to real tennis, which set middle class apart from working class & led to private clubs developing for participation
Played by middle class: In suburban gardens on lawns big enough to house private tennis courts
Use of specialist equipment: Middle class had the organisational experience necessary to from their own private clubs
Played by males and females: Tennis allowed respectable social & gender mixing; was a good civilised social game which both sexes could play
What is the golden triangle?
The golden triangle refers to the relationship between sport, business and media
How do the aspects of the golden triangle rely on each other?
The media uses sport to gain viewer, lisners and readers.
In turn, businesses and sponsors use the media to advertise their products and services: Organisations often pay substantial sums to sport and the media for advertisement
What is commercialism?
The process of attempting to gain money from an activity e.g. sport
What effects does commercialisation have on professional performers?
- Recieve high incomes for sports participation & commercial activities promoting products which gives financial security & allows full time training & competiton
- Paid for successful results- which is why winning is important
- Are controlled by the sponsor, become public commodities & suffer from a lack of privact
- Are effectively entertainers who become househole names e.g Messi, Ronaldo
What effects does commercialisation have on sport?
- Rules & scoring systems have been changed/introduced to speed up the action & prevent spectator boredom
- Breaks are provided in play so that sponsors can advertise their products & services
- The increased use of technology through the media has led to a more personal experience for the viewer
- Competiton formats have changed- e.g. Twenty20 cricket is a major revenue earner due to spectator, television & commercial interests
What are some of the reasons that companies invest large amounts of money into sport e.g. via sport sponsorship?
- Increased sales/commercial benefits/increased profit/increased publicity
- Increases brand awareness/ adds value to a bran
- Creates an association with excellence at the highest levels of sport
- Improve company morals/employees feel linked to the success of sport
How is globalisation seen in sport?
Globalisation is seen in sport via:
- The sponsorship of events (e.g. coca-cola as a universal sponsor)
- The way players are recruited to play for teams in countries other than their own
- The spreading of different sports to ‘new nations’
What impact does social media have on sport?
- More & more fans prefer getting their sports news from Twitter & Facebook rather than tv or national news websites
- Top sports performers have created lots of excitement via their social media platforms
- Enabled top sports performers to bbuild up a very large & engaged fanbase in a very short space of time
