6.3 Psychological Influences on the Team

Question 1

What is BEDTOP?

Answer 1

• An acronym used for the behavioural effects due to others present
• stands for (behavioural effects due to others present)
• Proposed by psychologist Zanjoc

Idea that for some people crowds can help them excel but for others it can affect their performance

Question 2

What are the 4 types of others zanjoc suggested can be present when playing sport?

Answer 2

• The audience
• The co-actors
• The competitors
• The social reinforcers

Question 3

What is the audience?

Answer 3

• Those people who are watching, either as spectators at the event or as the large tv audience watching national events
• Their prescence causes pressure

Question 4

What are the co-actors?

Answer 4

• Those who are doing the same thing at the same time but who might not be in competition

such as a jogger passing on the opposite side of the road

Question 5

What are the competitors?

Answer 5

(sometimes called competitive co-actors)
- People who are in direct competiton

Question 6

What are social reinforcers?

Answer 6

• People who have a direct influence on the performance & their prescence is a part of the event - such as the coach

Question 7

Within Zanjocs model what are the types of others who are passive and interactive?

Answer 7

Passive:
Audience
Co-actors

Interactive:
Competitive co-actors
Social reinforcers

Question 8

What is social inhibition and social facilitation?

Answer 8

Social Inhibition- The negative effect of the prescence of others on performance

Social facilitation- The positive effect of the prescence of others on performance

Question 9

What did Zanjoc suggest about the dominant response?

Answer 9

• An autonomous performer (expert) will have their arousal increased due to the effects of others. They will have well learned skills & give an automatic response.
• This will increase likelihood of their dominant response, & therefore will improve performance, known as social facilitation.
• A cognitive performer will have their arousal increased due to the effects of others.
• Are unlikely to have well–learned skills & may produce a wrong action. This will decrease the likelihood of dominant response, & therefore will hinder performance, known as social inhibition.

e.g. A cricketer not being able to make a choice of shot, feeling pressure from the crowd and a more experienced bowler.

Question 10

What is evaluation apprehension?

Answer 10

• The percieved fear of being judged

e.g. when parents watch their kids playing sport it may cause evaluation apprehension

Question 11

What ways are there to prevent social inhibition and evaluation apprehension?

Answer 11

• Getting the players familiar with playing in front of a crowd
• Gradually introducing evaluation- level of assestment & evaluation should be built up gradually
• Improving focus & concentration- players could try to focus on the game & not the audience so they focus on the things that matter

Question 12

What characteristics are there that a team have?

Answer 12

• A collective identity- team can be reconised easily since they are usually wearing same colour kit-members will often feel strong affiliation w the team & gain a sense of pride
• Interaction- Team members should operate in their own role successfully & also be able to link this role with other members of the team
• Communication- To help with interaction, individual players should talk to each other & communicate non-verbally in game setting

-A shared goal or purpose - Prospect of achieving success is what often keeps players in the team- all players should want to aim for same goal to have maximum motivation

Question 13

What did Tuckman suggest the 4 stages were of group formation that a group must pass in order to be able to start working as a unit?

Answer 13

• Forming
• Storming
• Norming
• Performing

Question 14

What is forming?

Answer 14

• Short first stage- group comes together & gets to know each other with individuals often finding out how they feel about the team & if they think they will fit in

Question 15

What is storming?

Answer 15

• Stage of potential conflict when individuals may compete w others to establish position, status or role in the team
• May be that two players are competing for the same position

Question 16

What is norming?

Answer 16

• Once conflicts have been resolved, the team begins to settle down & co-operate with the intention of achieving their goals
• Group standards are accepted & the cohesion of the team develops

Question 17

What is performing?

Answer 17

• In this stage all the players are now interactive and working together to achieve their goals
• The team members support each other & understand their role in the team

Question 18

What is cohesion?

Answer 18

• The tendancy for individuals to work together to achieve their goals

Question 19

What are Carrons antecedents?

Answer 19

The factors that might influence cohesion

Question 20

What are Carrons 4 antecedents?

Answer 20

Environmental factors: Include size of the group & the time avaliable- the longer the group are together the more time they will actually have to learn each others roles

Personal factors: Refers to the similarity of group members in terms of their aspirations, opinions & values whether they are happy w the role they play in the team & even how fit they are

Leadership factors: Leadership style chosen by coach or captain is important here, as how the captain or coach gets on w others in the team

Team factors: Team success is important here & the more success is achieved the more each team member wants to be successful, the higher cohesion will be.

Question 21

What is task cohesion?

Answer 21

• Individuals working together to achieve an end result

Question 22

What is social cohesion?

Answer 22

Individuals relating to each other to interact in the group

Question 23

What was the Steiner model?

Answer 23

• Steiner proposed that results of group efforts could be based on an equation that sums up influences on cohesion
• Actual productivity= Potential productivity- Losses due to faulty processes

Question 24

What is the actual productivity?

Answer 24

• Looks at the performance of the team at a given time at the end of the game
• It is the result - a win, a lose, or a draw

Question 25

What is the potential productivity?

Answer 25

• The best possible performance that could happen if everything went perfectly during the game

Question 26

What is the faulty processes?

Answer 26

• The things that go wrong to reduce group outcomes and prevent group potential being reached

Question 27

What are the two types of faulty processes?

Answer 27

• Co-ordination problems
• Motivation problems

Question 28

What are co-ordination problems and when do they occur?

Answer 28

• Occur when the players in the team fail to listen to the coaches instructions or employ the incorrect tactics
• Players may also fail to communicate with each other
• May also misunderstand their role in the team positions wise

Question 29

What are motivational problems and how do they occur?

Answer 29

• Can affect performance when players suffer from too much or too little arousal
• or they loos drive to win with a resultant reduction in effort and concentration

Question 30

What is social loafing?

Answer 30

• Individual loss of motivation in a team player due to lack of performance identification when their individual efforts are not recongised

often have a detremental effect on the team

Question 31

What causes social loafing?

Answer 31

• Lack of confidence- player may not believe in their ability to compete w opposition
• Players may develop negative attitude
• Coach/captain may display poor leadership by not offering incentives & reinforcement such as player of the match
• Players may not understand role they need to play in team-may not accept that role w enthusiasm
• May lack fitness- not be able to maintain role in team for whole game

Question 32

What is the Ringelmann effect?

Answer 32

• When group performance decreases with group size

e.g. a study of tug of war found that individual effort within group reduced w increasing group size - individuals tried hard on the rope pull when their efforts were highlighted but tended to reduce their effort in a team of 8

Question 33

What ways are there to avoid social loafing?

Answer 33

• Setting individual goals
• Giving specific roles within the team & making sure this role is clear & accepted
• Using statistics to highlight individual performance e.g. tackle counts
• Using team meetings to resolve conflicts
• Maintaining communication w open discussion
• Promoting motivation w rewards

Question 34

What are the benefits of goal setting?

Answer 34

• Increasing motivation & making sure that ppts in the sport keep on trying
• Improving confidence since performer can experience an improvement in technique or in results as target is being reached
• Regulating & sustaining efforts- As the player continues to strive to reach a target they might begin to try a little harder as goal reaches near completion

Question 35

What is an outcome/product goal?

Answer 35

• A goal set against the performance of others and based on a result

An athlete could be set the goal of top 3 finish & if realisitc then motivation is maintained
However danger here is that if goal isnt achieved motivation can be lost

Question 36

What are task orientated goals?

Answer 36

• Concered with improvements in technique or performance

Means that an athlete could achieve their goal even without winning the race e.g. u may get a pb in a marathon but may not win the marathon

Question 37

What are perfomance goals?

Answer 37

-When the athlete sets a goal to better their own performance rather than comparing to others

• Judged against other previous performances in an attempt to improve personal achievements

Question 38

What are process goals?

Answer 38

• Concerned with improvements in technique

Question 39

What factors are there to consider when setting goals?

Answer 39

Specific
Measured
Achieveable
Realistic
Time-bound
Evaluate
Re-do

SMARTER

Question 40

Explain SMARTER goals

Answer 40

Specific- Goals should be clear, precise & specific to the performer & the sport
Measured- Some form of assestment shoud occur to aid motivation -performer should have access to statistics
Achievable- Performer should be able to reach their goal
Time-bound- Short term & long term steps should be clearly defined so that there is a clear deadline for coach and plaer to assess if the goal has been reached
Evaluate- Performer & coach should evaluate how & when the goal was acheived so that future attempts at reaching targets can be assessed
Re-do- If goal has not been reached, if progress is slow or after evaluation the perfromer thinks thaqt something could have been done better, do it again!
The target can be adjusted to help ensure success