Skill Acquisition 2.2 Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of learning?
- The cognitive stage
- The associative stage
- The autonomous stage
What is the cognitive stage?
Where performer has to carefully think about their actions & try to understand how to copy the demonstrations & instructions they may have seen from a coach
What type of feedback may a performer use if they are in the cognitive stage of learning?
- Extrinsic feedback (has to be carefully considered as they are beginner)
Components of skill that can be stored in memory are not yet developed
Beginnger may use trial & error in approach to task
(e.g.) having a go at skill, thinking & adapting actions & having another attempt to see if any improvements are being made
What is the associative stage of learning?
- Longer duration than cognitve stage- performer moves from competent beginner to accomplished performer
- To make progress during this stage performer has to practice lots
Performer may compare current level of performance to a top class performer & try tp adjust practice to reach that top level
Movements become smoother & more coordinated
What type of feedback may a performer use during the associative stage of learning?
- Trial & error may still be used to perfect skills 7 performer may still use feedback but its become more internal
What is the autonomous stage of learning?
- Autonomous stage is reached after effective practice & such practice must continue if performer is to remain in this high level stage
Actions are fluent,efficient, & automatically undertaken
Performer can concentrate on fine details of task as basics of task are performed without thinking
What are the different forms of feedback?
- Positive feedback
- Negative feedback
- Intrinsic feedback
- Extrinsic feedback
What is positive feedback?
- Entails information about what was good
- Tells player what is going well & offers motivation to maintain effort
What is negative feedback?
- Gives performer information about whats going wrong so errors can be corrected & bad habits eliminated
As players gain more experience negative feedback can be appreciated
What is extrinsic feedback?
- Derived from outside source such as coach so performer gains view of what they need to improve on or what they need to maintain
What is intrinsic feedback?
- The feedback that comes from within
Performer may have developed a feel for the task using kinaethesis
What is knowlege of results?
- Concerns the outcome
Form of feedback gives indication whether or not skill was successful e.g. did the netball shot score?
Successful outcomes need to be maintained- unsuccessful ones eliminated can form early basis of improvement
What is knowlege of performance?
- About technique
Gives reasons as to why shot went in or not
& is concerned with how technique can be used to produce a better performance than last attempt
What type of feedback should be given to a beginner in the cognitive stage of learning?
- Lots of encouragement
- Lots of advice as they have little existing knowlege of skill
What feedback should be given to a performer in the autonomous stage of learning?
- Performer requires detailed feedback on how to control their performance
- Can benefit from error correction & would use existing knowlege to make internal adjustments
What feedback should be given to a performer in the associative stage of learning?
External information would be used to refine movements as at this stage develops more intrinsic feedback used to control performance
Long stage where performer makes steady progress
What is a learning plateu?
- A period during performance when there are no signs of improvement & performer does not appear to be getting any better
What is the learning curve?
- A graphic illustration that shows how rate of learning of a performer doing a closed skill over period of time can vary
- Learning curve can be divided into 4 stages
What are the 4 stages of the learning curve?
- Stage 1- Rate of learning is slow, performance level is poor because performer is new to task & in stage of cognitive learning
- Stage 2- Rapid acceleration in rate of learning and as performer has begun to master task & gain some success
- Stage 3- No improvement in rate of learning and performance has reached learning plateu
- Stage 4- Period towards end of task when perhaps due to fatigue performance may actually deteriorate
What causes of the learning plateu are there?
- Lack of motivation- lack of incentives or extrinsic rewards may cause performer to lose drive & energy for task
- Boredom- Repetitive nature may cause boredom
- Coaching- Coach may issue incorrect instructions or use incorrect practice methods so skill is not done correctly
- Limit of ability
- Targets set too low- Perhaps task is one where learner isnt able to use full range of their skills
- Fatigue- Continuous action over extended period of time would result in tiredness especially if muscles are being used repeatedly (DOMS)
(Many Bees Can Look Towards Flowers)
What solutions are there to solve the plateu effect?
- Task could be extended so that a new challenge to test performer is given
- Player could find a new coach to raise performance levels
- Coach could offer more praise & positive reinforcement to provide motivation
- A rest could be taken to avoid fatigue
- More variety could be added to task so boredom is avoided
What is visual guidance?
- A visual demonstration of the required task
-Intention is to create a mental image for a beginner that can be used as a reference point for future practice
