6.3 Psychological Influences on the Team 2 Flashcards
What is task cohesion?
- Individuals working together to achieve an end result
What is social cohesion?
- Individuals relating to each other to interact in the group
- May even socialise w each other outside of the game which may help the cohesion
What was the Steiner model?
- Steiner proposed that results of group efforts could be based on an equation that sums up influences on cohesion
- Actual productivity= Potential productivity- Losses due to faulty processes
What is the actual productivity?
steiners model
- Looks at the performance of the team at a given time at the end of the game
- It is the result - a win, a lose, or a draw
What is the potential productivity?
steiners model
- The best possible performance that could happen if everything went perfectly during the game
What is the faulty processes?
steiners model
- The things that go wrong to reduce group outcomes and prevent group potential being reached
What are the two types of faulty processes?
- Co-ordination problems
- Motivation problems
What are co-ordination problems and when do they occur?
- Occur when the players in the team fail to listen to the coaches instructions or employ the incorrect tactics
- Players may also fail to communicate with each other
- May also misunderstand their role in the team positions wise
What are motivational problems and how do they occur?
- Can affect performance when players suffer from too much or too little arousal
- or they loos drive to win with a resultant reduction in effort and concentration
What is social loafing?
- Individual loss of motivation in a team player due to lack of performance identification when their individual efforts are not recongised
often have a detremental effect on the team
What causes social loafing?
- Lack of confidence- player may not believe in their ability to compete w opposition
- Players may develop negative attitude
- Coach/captain may display poor leadership by not offering incentives & reinforcement such as player of the match
- Players may not understand role they need to play in team-may not accept that role w enthusiasm
- May lack fitness- not be able to maintain role in team for whole game
- May be cliques
What is the Ringelmann effect?
- When group performance decreases with group size
e.g. a study of tug of war found that individual effort within group reduced w increasing group size - individuals tried hard on the rope pull when their efforts were highlighted but tended to reduce their effort in a team of 8
What ways are there to avoid social loafing?
- Setting individual goals
- Giving specific roles within the team & making sure this role is clear & accepted
- Using statistics to highlight individual performance e.g. tackle counts
- Using team meetings to resolve conflicts
- Maintaining communication w open discussion
- Promoting motivation w rewards
What are the benefits of goal setting?
- Increasing motivation & making sure that ppts in the sport keep on trying
- Improving confidence since performer can experience an improvement in technique or in results as target is being reached
- Regulating & sustaining efforts- As the player continues to strive to reach a target they might begin to try a little harder as goal reaches near completion
What is an outcome/product goal?
- A goal set against the performance of others and based on a result
An athlete could be set the goal of top 3 finish & if realisitc then motivation is maintained
However danger here is that if goal isnt achieved motivation can be lost
What are task orientated goals?
- Concerned with improvements in technique or performance
Means that an athlete could achieve their goal even without winning the race e.g. u may get a pb in a marathon but may not win the marathon
What are perfomance goals?
-When the athlete sets a goal to better their own performance rather than comparing to others
- Judged against other previous performances in an attempt to improve personal achievements
What are process goals?
- Concerned with improvements in technique
What factors are there to consider when setting goals?
Specific
Measured
Achieveable
Realistic
Time-bound
Evaluate
Re-do- if progress is slower- & unhappy w result performer can go & redo it
Explain SMARTER goals
Specific- Goals should be clear, precise & specific to the performer & the sport
Measured- Some form of assestment shoud occur to aid motivation -performer should have access to statistics
Achievable- Performer should be able to reach their goal
Time-bound- Short term & long term steps should be clearly defined so that there is a clear deadline for coach and plaer to assess if the goal has been reached
Evaluate- Performer & coach should evaluate how & when the goal was acheived so that future attempts at reaching targets can be assessed
Re-do- If goal has not been reached, if progress is slow or after evaluation the perfromer thinks thaqt something could have been done better, do it again!
The target can be adjusted to help ensure success
What are task specific goals?
- Specific tasks performer carry’s out
