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Bsc Physiology (Year 1) > The Respiratory System (week 9) > Flashcards

The Respiratory System (week 9) Flashcards

1
Q

state the 7 functions of the respiratory system

one cock provides sexual masturbation causing happiness

A
  1. provides O2
  2. eliminates CO2
  3. regulates pH
  4. forms speech
  5. defends against microbes
  6. traps and dissolves blood clots (and air bubbles)
  7. regulates hormones (controls activity)
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2
Q

state the 12 layer hierarchy of the passage of air

A
  1. nose/mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. primary bronchi
  6. secondary bronchi
  7. tertiary bronchi
  8. smaller bronchi
  9. bronchioles
  10. terminal bronchioles
  11. respiratory bronchioles
  12. alveolar sacs
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3
Q

larynx - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 35-45
  2. lots of cilia
  3. lots of goblet cells
  4. lots of cartilage
  5. zero smooth muscle
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4
Q

trachea - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 20-25
  2. lots of cilia
  3. lots of goblet cells
  4. lots of cartilage (c shaped)
  5. small amount of smooth muscle
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5
Q

primary bronchi - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 12-15
  2. lots of cilia
  3. moderate amount of goblet cells
  4. lots of cartilage (rings)
  5. moderate amount of smooth muscle
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6
Q

secondary bronchi - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 10-12
  2. lots of cilia
  3. moderate amount of goblet cells
  4. lots of cartilage (plates)
  5. moderate amount of smooth muscle
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7
Q

tertiary bronchi - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 8-10
  2. lots of cilia
  3. moderate amount of goblet cells
  4. moderate amount of cartilage (plates)
  5. moderate amount of smooth muscle
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8
Q

smaller bronchi - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 1-8
  2. lots of cilia
  3. few goblet cells
  4. small amount of cartilage (plates)
  5. moderate amount of smooth muscle
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9
Q

bronchioles - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 0.5-1
  2. moderate amount of cilia
  3. few goblet cells
  4. zero cartilage
  5. lots of smooth muscle
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10
Q

terminal bronchioles - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. < 0.5
  2. moderate amount of cilia
  3. zero goblet cells
  4. zero cartilage
  5. lots of smooth muscle
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11
Q

respiratory bronchioles - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. < 0.5
  2. few cilia
  3. zero goblet cells
  4. zero cartilage
  5. small amount of smooth muscle
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12
Q

alveolar sacs - state the inner diameter (mm), whether or not they have cilia, whether or not they have goblet cells, whether or not they have cartilage (and type), and whether or not they have smooth muscle

A
  1. 0.3
  2. zero
  3. zero
  4. zero
  5. zero
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13
Q

trachea and bronchi have cartilage rings, why?

A

trachea and bronchi both have cartilage rings in order to prevent collapse

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14
Q

bronchioles do not contain cartilage, what is the significance of this?

A

bronchioles do not contain cartilage so could collapse, but they do contain smooth muscle which generally prevents this

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15
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - conducting zone

A

the conducting zone contains approximately 150 ml of air which does not exchange with blood gases

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16
Q

state 2 functions of the conduction zone

A
  1. provides a low resistance pathway for air flow
  2. defends against microbes, toxins and chemicals (cilia, mucus and macrophages)
  3. warms and moistens the air
  4. phonates (vocal chords)
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17
Q

state what the function of goblet cells are

A

goblet cells function to secrete mucus and trap foreign particles

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18
Q

state what the function of cilia is (1), and the effect tobacco has on cilia (2)

A
  1. cilia function to propel mucus up to the glottis, which it is then swallowed - mucus escalator
  2. cilia can be paralysed by tobacco smoke - smokers cough
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19
Q

state 3 facts about the respiratory zone

A
  1. respiratory bronchioles terminate in respiratory sacs which lead to alveoli
  2. most alveoli cluster in alveolar sacs
  3. adjacent alveoli are connected by alveolar pores allowing equilibrium of pressure
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20
Q

state the function of type 1 cells

A

type 1 cells are the main cells in the epithelium and are where gaseous exchange occurs

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21
Q

state 2 functions of type 2 cells

A
  1. release surfactant liquid which aids gaseous exchange

2. also responsible for reforming the epithelium after damage to the highly sensitive type 1 cells

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22
Q

state what occurs between endothelial and epithelial cells in some places

A

in some places, endothelial cells and epithelial cells have fused basement membranes as they are so close together

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23
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - respiratory membrane

A

together, the capillary and alveolar wall form the respiratory membrane (approx. 0.2 um thick)

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24
Q

state the structure of the pleural sac (3 parts)

A
  1. visceral pleura - lines and is attached to the lung
  2. parietal pleura - attached to the chest wall
  3. 15 ml of intra-pleural fluid within the pleural sac
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25
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - atmospheric pressure

A

Patm - 760 mmHg (0 mmHg for reference)

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26
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - intra-pleural pressure

A
  1. Pip - pressure within the pleural sac

2. 756 mm HG (-4 mmHg for reference)

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27
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - alveolar pressure

A
  1. Palv - pressure within the alveoli

2. 760 mmHg (0 mmHg compared to Patm)

28
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - trans-pulmonary pressure

A
  1. difference between Palv and Pip

2. 4 – 4 = 4 mmHG

29
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Pneumothorax (collapsed lung)

A

if air enters the intra pleural space between a hole in the chest wall, Pip equilibrates with Patm. without the negative force of Pip, the lung collapses due to elastic recoil forces

30
Q

talk about gentle breathing (3 points)

A
  1. diaphragm lowers 1 cm
  2. pressure decreases 3 mmHg
  3. 500 ml air enters
31
Q

talk about heavy breathing (3 points)

A
  1. diaphragm lowers 10 cm
  2. pressure decreases 100 mmHg
  3. 3 L of air enters
32
Q

state the 2 additional muscles used in inspiration during exercise

A
  1. sternocleidomastoid

2. pectoralis minor

33
Q

state the 2 additional muscles used in expiration (active process now) during exercise

A
  1. internal intercostals

2. rectus abdominis

34
Q

what enables expiration to be a passive process at rest

A

elastic recoil of the chest wall and lung tissue

35
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Boyle’s law

A

gases flow from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure

36
Q

explain Boyle’s law in relation to inspiration

A
  1. inspiration is an active process
  2. as thoracic volume inc^, Pip dec^
  3. causes lung volume to inc^, pressure dec^
  4. air moves into lungs down conc^ grad
37
Q

explain Boyle’s law in relation to expiration

A
  1. expiration is a passive process at rest
  2. as thoracic volume dec^, Pip inc^
  3. causes lung volume dec^, pressure inc^
  4. air moves out lungs down conc^ grad
38
Q

state the calculation for airflow

A

airflow = (P1 - P2) / resistance

39
Q

state 3 facts about airflow resistance

A
  1. to achieve a given airflow, the requisite pressure difference depends on airway resistance
  2. the major determinant of airway resistance is airway pressure
  3. if airway diameter dec^ by 1/2, flow resistance inc^ 16x
40
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - VO2

A

the rate at which the body inhales, transports, and utilises O2 during steady state

41
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - VCO2

A

the rate at which the body produces, transports, and exhales CO2 during steady state

42
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

the additional volume of air that could be inhaled into the lungs after a normal inhalation

43
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - expiratory reserve volume

A

the additional air that could be exhaled from the lungs after a normal exhalation

44
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - vital capacity

A

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after having taken in the biggest inhalation possible

45
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - residual volume

A

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum forced expiration that cannot be exhaled and this causes the alveoli to remain open at all times

46
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - tidal volume

A

the volume of air inspired or expired on a normal breath

47
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Dalton’s law

A

each gas within a mixture of gases exerts it’s own pressure as if the other gases were not present

48
Q

state 2 additional facts about Dalton’s law

A
  1. PP - the specific pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gases
  2. total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of all the individual gases PP’s
49
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Henry’s law

A

the quantity of a gas that will be dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and it’s solubility coefficient

50
Q

state 2 additional facts about Henry’s law

A
  1. gas to liquid, liquid to gas

2. high to low pressure

51
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - Fick’s law

A

Vgas is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of that gas, the partial pressure gradient across the tissue, and is inversely proportional to tissue thickness

52
Q

state the partial pressures of the gases in the atmosphere

A

PN2 - 574.9 mmHg
PO2 - 158.8 mmHg
PCO2 - 0.3 mmHg
Pother - 3.5 mmHg

53
Q

state the concentrations of the gases in the atmosphere

A

FLN2 - 78.60 %
FLO2 - 20.89 %
FLCO2 - 0.04 %
FLother - 0.46 %

54
Q

state the PPO2 traveling through the body

A

air - 160 mmHg
alveoli - 105 mmHg
lung capillaries - 100 mmHg
cells - < 40 mmHg

55
Q

state the PPCO2 traveling through the body

A

cell - > 46 mmHg
lung capillaries - 40 mmHg
alveoli - 40 mmHg
air - 0.3 mmHg

56
Q

how many times easier is it for CO2 to cross cell membranes than it is for O2

A

20x

57
Q

state the 2 ways O2 travels in the blood

A
  1. 1.5 % dissolved in blood plasma (as O2 is relatively insoluble in water)
  2. 98.5 % oxyhemoglobin
58
Q

state 2 additional facts about oxygen transport

A
  1. only O2 dissolved in blood can diffuse into interstitial fluid from blood plasma
  2. Hb is a transporter so does not contribute to PO2
59
Q

state 2 facts about myoglobin saturation

A
  1. almost 100 % saturation at venous PO2

2. at mitochondrial PO2, a small drop in PO2 causes myoglobin to release most of it’s O2 for usage

60
Q

state the 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood

A
  1. dissolved in blood plasma - 10 %
  2. carbaminohemoglobin - 30 %
  3. bicarbonate - 60 %
61
Q

state the equation of CO2 to bicarbonate

A

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 —> HCO3- + H+

carbon dioxide + water –> carbonic acid –> bicarbonate + proton

62
Q

what controls ventilation

A

at rest, inspiration and expiration is mainly controlled by the brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata)

63
Q

state the 2 types of chemoreceptors involved in ventilation

A
  1. peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic)

2. central (brain extracellular) chemoreceptors

64
Q

state 2 facts about peripheral chemoreceptors

A
  1. emergency detection of low O2

2. carotid receptor provides rapid response - Ph/CO2 detection system

65
Q

state 1 fact about central (brain extracellular) chemoreceptors

A

slower response but more of a steady state control

Bsc Physiology (Year 1) (34 decks)

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