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Bsc Physiology (Year 1) > The Endocrine System (Part 1) > Flashcards

The Endocrine System (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

explain the main functional difference between the endocrine and nervous system

A
  1. nervous - rapid response

2. endocrine - slower, more prolonged response

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2
Q

finish the sentence: the endocrine glands and cells release…

A

the endocrine glands and cells release hormones (chemical substances) into the bloodstream to target specific organs, tissues and cells, and to elicit a response

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3
Q

state 3 functions of the endocrine system (5 available)

A
  1. produce hormones
  2. regulate metabolism
  3. regulate the balance of ions, water and nutrients in the blood stream
  4. controls response to stress
  5. regulates growth, development and reproduction
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4
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - myokines

A

A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by skeletal muscle cells in response to muscular contractions

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5
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - adipokines

A

cytokines secreted by adipose tissue, and are important regulators of appetite and satiety, energy expenditure, inflammation, blood pressure, etc…

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6
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - hepatokines

A

any of several cytokines found in the liver

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7
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - endocrine

A

relating to or denoting glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood

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8
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - exocrine

A

relating to or denoting glands which secrete their products through ducts opening on to an epithelium rather than directly into the blood

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9
Q

state 3 structural/functional facts about glands

A
  1. a single gland may secrete multiple hormones
  2. usually a gland is composed of different cell types
  3. a certain cell type within a gland will secrete a specific hormone
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10
Q

state what epinephrine and norepinephrine are

A

adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

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11
Q

state the 3 major classes of hormones

A
  1. amine hormones
  2. peptide + protein hormones
  3. steroid hormones
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12
Q

finish the sentence: the chemical structure of hormones influences…

A

the chemical structure of hormones influences how hormones are transported in the blood and how they will interact with the target cell (mode of action)

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13
Q

what are amine hormones derived from

A

Amine hormones are derived from the amino acid Tryosine

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14
Q

state 3 examples of amine hormones

A
  1. Thyroid hormones secreted by thyroid glands
  2. epinephrine and norepinephrine
  3. dopamine
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15
Q

what are epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine collectively known as

A

catecholamines

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16
Q

state 2 examples of thyroid hormones

A
  1. throxine (T4)

2. triiodothymine (T3)

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17
Q

where are epinephrine/norepinephrine secreted by? (2 places)

A
  1. adrenal medulla, in adrenal glands

2. adrenergic neurones in nervous system

18
Q

where is dopamine secreted from?

A

the hypothalamus

19
Q

state 3 examples of peptide/protein hormones

A
  1. insulin
  2. glucagon
  3. insulin-like growth-factor 1 (IGF-1)
  4. glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
  5. HGH
  6. Leptin
20
Q

state 4 facts about peptide/protein hormones

A
  1. usually synthesised as protein pro hormones in the endocrine cells
  2. packaged into secretory vesicles, pro hormones then turned into peptides (active hormones)
  3. stored inside the cell
  4. released into bloodstream when cells stimulated
21
Q

state 3 facts about steroid hormones

A
  1. derived from cholesterol (lipid)
  2. all hydrophobic
  3. primarily produced in the adrenal cortex and the gonads (testes and ovaries)
22
Q

what is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

A

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is a steroid hormone secreted by the kidneys

23
Q

what is the effect of a hormone directly related to

A

the effect of a hormone is directly related to the concentration of that hormone in the blood stream

24
Q

the concentration of a hormone in the blood depends on what 4 factors?

A
  1. secretion from endocrine cell (stimuli/input dependent)
  2. metabolism + excretion of hormones
  3. how they circulate in the blood (free or bound to plasma transport proteins)
  4. the binding to target cells to illicit a response
25
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - tropic hormones

A

hormones which induce the secretion of other hormones are often termed ‘tropic hormones’. usually induce the growth and development of the target cell

26
Q

state the 2 major factors which determines hormone transport in the blood

A

depends on their chemical composition and mainly their water solubility (hydrophilicity)

27
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - hydrophilicity

A

Having an affinity for water; readily absorbing or dissolving in water

28
Q

state 4 facts about protein + amine hormone transport in the blood

A
  1. usually water soluble to dissolved in plasma
  2. fact acting
  3. short half life (minutes)
  4. rapidly eliminated
29
Q

state 4 facts about steroid and thyroid hormone transport in the blood

A
  1. lipid soluble (hydrophobic) and bind to plasma transport proteins
  2. slower action
  3. long half life (hours to days)
  4. slower elimination
30
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - blood hormone concentration

A

the total hormone concentration is the sum of the free and bound hormones, but only free hormones can interact with target cells and organs

31
Q

state the blood hormone concentration formula

A

free hormone + carrier plasma protein ->-

32
Q

what is the concentration of free hormone usually measured in?

A

low micrograms, nano-grams, or pico-grams

33
Q

state 3 facts about the mechanisms of hormone action

A
  1. carried to all tissues, but only certain tissues respond
  2. tissue that respond have specific receptor proteins ON or IN the target cell
  3. the location depends again on the water/lipid solubility of the hormones
34
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - second messengers

A

small biologically active molecules which are produced inside the cell as a result of the peptide hormones binding to it’s cell surface and the activation of the signal pathway

35
Q

state 3 examples of second messengers

A
  1. cyclic AMP (cAMP)
  2. inosine triphosphate (IP3)
  3. diaglycerol (DAG)
36
Q

state 2 facts about hormone-receptor interactions

A
  1. the number of receptors is essential for the hormones actions on the target cell
  2. because the number of receptors is limited, the hormones action will always reach a saturation point and plateau
  3. the number of receptors could be regulated by the availability of the hormone in the blood stream (up + down regulate)
  4. some hormones can regulate receptors for other hormones too - permissive role
37
Q

state the names of the 4 types of endocrine disorders

A
  1. hypo-secretion
  2. hyper-secretion
  3. hyposensitivity
  4. hypersensitivity
38
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - hypo-secretion

A

too little hormone is secreted (eg - type 1 diabetes)

39
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - hyper-secretion - plus one example

A

too much hormone is secreted (usually caused by an endocrine tumour; eg - water retention, hyper-secretion of vasopressin/ADH)

40
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - hyposensitivity plus one example

A

reduced responsiveness of the target cell to physiological levels of hormone (eg - insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes)

41
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - hypersensitivity - plus one example

A

increased responsiveness of the target cell to the hormone (eg - hyperthyroidism causes inc^ HR due to inc^ epinephrine receptor count)

Bsc Physiology (Year 1) (34 decks)

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