Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bsc Physiology (Year 1) > The Cardio-Vascular System - Part 1 (week 8) > Flashcards

The Cardio-Vascular System - Part 1 (week 8) Flashcards

1
Q

state what the 3 components of the cardio-vascular system are

A
  1. the heart
  2. the blood vessels
  3. the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

state what 3 things the cardio-vascular system is impacted by

A
  1. endocrine system
  2. nervous system
  3. kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - systemic loop of the CV system

A

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the major parts of the body and then back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

explain the systemic loop of the CV system (4 things)

A
  1. blood leaves left ventricle via aorta
  2. aorta branches to form systemic arteries
  3. branches to form microcirculation
  4. venules form the veins which ultimately form 2 vessels - superior and inferior vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - pulmonary loop of the CV system

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

explain the pulmonary loop of the CV system (4 things)

A
  1. blood leaves right ventricle via pulmonary trunk
  2. divides into pulmonary arteries which takes blood to both lungs
  3. in the lungs: arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
  4. blood enters left atrium via pulmonary veins (depicted as one)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - pressure

A

pressure refers to force exerted (mmHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - flow

A

flow refers to the volume moved (mL/min)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - resistance

A

resistance refers to how difficult it is for blood to flow between two points of any given pressure difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

state 2 additional facts about resistance

A
  1. resistance is the measure of the friction that impedes flow
  2. increasing resistance decreases flow (if pressure stays the same)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

state what 3 things contribute to resistance

A
  1. blood viscosity - effected by volume and number of erythrocytes
  2. total blood vessel length - how much ‘tubing’ is needed
  3. blood vessel diameter - relaxed vessels decrease resistance, vasoconstricted vessels increase resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

state the names of the 2 types of arteries

A
  1. elastic/conduit arteries

2. muscular arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

state 4 facts about elastic/conduit arteries

A
  1. located near heart and carry blood for circulation
  2. large lumen vessels (low resistance) that contain more elastin than muscular arteries
  3. allow them to be ‘pressure reservoirs’
  4. expand and contract (recoil) as blood is ejected from the heart allowing blood flow to be continuous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

state 3 facts about muscular arteries

A
  1. deliver blood to specific organs
  2. have proportionally the most smooth muscle and are very active in vasoconstriction
  3. can play a large role in the regulation of BP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

arteries act like elastic containers. state 2 factors that affect pressure in an elastic container (eg - a water balloon)

A
  1. how much water you put in it

2. how easily the walls of the balloon can stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - compliance

A

compliance is the term used to denote how easily a structure stretches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what proportion of SV leaves arteries during systole, and what is the effect of this (3 points)

A
  1. 1/3 SV remains in arteries during systole
  2. rest of SV stays in arteries raising the blood pressure
  3. after ventricular contraction, arteries recoil passively and blood continues to be driven into the arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - systolic blood pressure

A

maximal arterial pressure reached during ventricular ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - diastolic blood pressure

A

minimal arterial pressure reached just before ventricular ejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

arterioles function is controlled by what 3 things

A

neural, hormonal and local chemicals

22
Q

state what the function of an arteriole is, and how do they do this (3 points)

A
  1. arterioles function to control minute-to-minute blood flow in the capillary beds
  2. if they contract, blood flow is directed away from the tissue
  3. if they dilate, blood flow to the tissue increases
23
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - intrinsic tone

A

arterioles have a basal level of contraction called intrinsic tone and is smooth muscle regulated by local or extrinsic control

24
Q

state a fact about the smallest arterioles

A

the smallest arterioles, which directly lead into capillary beds, are usually just a single layer of smooth muscle which spirals around the endothelium

25
Q

state the 2 local control of resistance for arterioles

A
  1. respond to local metabolic or local blood flow changes

2. respond to injury

26
Q

state the 2 extrinsic control of resistance for arterioles

A
  1. sympathetic nerves

2. hormones

27
Q

state how responding to local metabolic or local blood flow changes effects resistance in arterioles (2 things)

A
  1. blood flow increases to an organ due to increased metabolism
  2. dec^ O2, inc^ CO2, inc^ K+, ine^ NO, inc^ H+, inc^ adenosine
28
Q

explain how responding to injury chances resistance in arterioles

A

local inflammation is characterised by increased blood flow

29
Q

explain how sympathetic nerves cause extrinsic control of resistance

A

there is always a sympathetic tone, this can be reduced resulting in vasodilation by withdrawing sympathetic activity

30
Q

explain how hormones cause extrinsic control of resistance (3 hormones)

A
  1. epinephrine - vasodilator or vasoconstricts depending on the tissue
  2. angiotensin 2 - constricts most arterioles
  3. vasopressin - constricts most arterioles
31
Q

state the names of the 3 types of capillaries

A
  1. continuous capillary
  2. fenestrated capillary
  3. sinusoidal capillary
32
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - continuous capillary

A

found in the skin, muscle, most common kind and have tight junctions

33
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - fenestrated capillary

A

more permeable than continuous capillaries. found at the intestine, hormone producing tissues, kidneys, etc…

34
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - sinusoidal capillaries

A

the only type of capillary with an incomplete basement membrane. found in the liver, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissue

35
Q

state the name for the process of capillary growth and development, and one additional fact about it

A
  1. angiogenesis

2. vascular epithelial cells release angiogenic factors (eg - vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)

36
Q

blood flow through the capillaries is dependent on what?

A

blood flow through the other vessels in the microcirculation

37
Q

in some tissues and organs, blood enters capillaries through (fill blank). the site at which a capillary exits from a (fill blank) is surrounded by an area of smooth muscle called a (fill blank)

A
  1. meta arteriole
  2. meta arteriole
  3. pre-capillary sphincter
38
Q

the extremely low forward flow of blood through capillaries is beneficial. state why

A

it maximises the time available for substance exchange

39
Q

blood velocity is not dependent on distance from the heart. state what it is dependent on

A

the cross-sectional area of the vessel type

40
Q

in the systemic system, state the force driving blood in the veins

A

the pressure difference between the veins (15 mmHg) and the right atrium (0 mmHg)

41
Q

state the 2 major functions of veins

A
  1. act as low pressure conduits returning blood to the heart
  2. maintain peripheral venous pressure
42
Q

state the 2 factors which determine venous pressure

A
  1. volume of blood in the veins

2. compliance of vein walls

43
Q

what percentage of blood is in the veins

A

61 % of blood is in the veins and they have very compliant walls = low pressure

44
Q

state the 5 mechanisms of VR

A
  1. skeletal muscle pump
  2. smooth muscle
  3. pocket valves
  4. respiratory pump
  5. gravity
45
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - bicuspid valve

A

the value separating the left atria from the left ventricle and consists of 2 fibrous flaps

46
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - tricuspid valve

A

the valve separating the right atria from the right ventricle and has 3 fibrous flaps

47
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - chordae tendineae

A

chordae tendineae function to fasten the AV valves to the papillary muscles

48
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - papillary muscles

A

papillary muscles do not open or close the AV valves, but limit their movement to prevent the back flow of blood

49
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - pericardium

A

the pericardium is the muscular sac enclosing the heart

50
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - epicardium

A

the epicardium fixes the inner layer of the pericardium to the heart (myocardium)

51
Q

state what it is meant by the key term - myocardium

A

the myocardium is the muscular wall of the heart which is formed by cardiac muscle cells

Bsc Physiology (Year 1) (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions